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What is the CR entry for a supine AP abdomen (KUB)?
perpendicular to the IR at the level of the iliac crests (L4)
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What is the CR entry for an upright AP abdomen?
horizontal entering 2” above the crests
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Why would we do an upright abdomen as opposed to a KUB?
for free air, must include the diaphragm
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Why would we do a PA abdomen in place of an AP?
when the kidneys are not of primary concern, a PA projection greatly reduced pt. gonadal dose
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When performing a decubitus abdomen what steps should be taken to ensure fluid levels are accurately demonstrated?
allow the patient the lay for 5 minutes before the exposure is taken, and wait a couple seconds after exhalation for the exposure to allow fluids to settle
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What is the CR entry for a lateral decubitus AP abdomen?
horizontal, perpendicular to the center of the IR, entering at the level of the iliac crests
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What are the main evaluation criteria points for a KUB?
pubic symphysis to upper abdomen included, proper patient alignment, no patient rotation, soft tissue grays demonstrate necessary anatomy
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How should a decubitus abdominal film be marked?
mark side up
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Where should the CR be directed for a cross table decubitus abdomen?
2 inches above the crest. centered to the vertebral column or top of cassette at axilla
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Why must a decubitus abdomen be done on the left side?
so that air in the fundus is not mistaken for free air
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What is the pt. position for a decubitus abdomen?
pt. lays on L. side, flex knees and extend arms. Allow fluid to settle
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a quality abdominal radiograph should demonstrate what anatomy?
sharply defined psoas muscles, lower border of liver, kidneys, ribs, transverse process of lumbar vertebrae
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why is a PA CXR done with a “3-way” abdomen?
for free air below the diaphragm
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why do we avoid doing a right lateral decubitus abdomen?
free air may be mistaken for air in the fundus of the stomach
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Sternal/jugular notch level
T2 T3
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Xiphoid process level
T9 T10
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inferior costal rib margin
L2 L3
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list the 3 parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ilium
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what portion of the small intestine is considered to be the longest?
Ileum
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Liver:
lower rectum:
Ureters:
Stomach:
Duodenum:
- Liver: intraperitoneal
- lower rectum: infraperitoneal
- Ureters: retroperitoneal
- Stomach: intraperitoneal
- Duodenum: retroperitoneal
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Gallbladder:
upper rectum:
major abdominal blood:
reproductive organs:
speen:
- Gallbladder: intraperitoneal
- upper rectum: retroperitoneal
- major abdominal blood: retroperitoneal
- reproductive organs: infraperitoneal
- speen: intraperitoneal
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cecum:
adrenal glands:
urinary bladder:
pancreas:
Duodenum:
- cecum: intraperitoneal
- adrenal glands: retroperitoneal
- urinary bladder: infraperitoneal
- pancreas: retroperitoneal
- Duodenum: retroperitoneal
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ascending and descending colon:
jejunum:
sigmoid colon
kidneys:
female parts:
ileum
- ascending and descending colon: retroperitoneal
- jejunum:intraperitoneal
- sigmoid: intraperitoneal
- kidneys: retroperitoneal
- female parts: infraperitoneal
- ileum: intraperitoneal
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what stabilizes and and supports the small intestine?
mesentery
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which one of the following structures is a double fold of peritoneum that connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Greater Omentum
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the pancreas is located anterior or posterior to the stomach?
posterior
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vermiform is located _____________ of the cecum?
posterior and medially
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what causes voluntary motion and how can you prevent it?
patient breathing, and patient movement of during exposures can be prevented by careful breathing instructions
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what causes involuntary motion and how to stop it?
peristalsis- and short exposure time
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what is ascites?
abnormal accumulation of fluid in peritoneal cavity
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how do you exam the gallbladder?
Ultrasound
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rotation can be determined on a KUB radiograph by the loss of symmetric appearance?
- obturator foramina
- flared ala wings
- ischial spine
- outer rib margin
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if left side is narrowed what side are you on?
right side
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if your left side is flared what side are you on
left side
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A patient with a history of ascites com to the radiology department. Which one of the following positions best demonstrates this condition?
Erect AP abdomin
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double walled membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called
peritoneum
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which of the following soft tissue structures are seen on a properly exposed KUB?
Peritoneum
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which of the following soft tissues structures are seen properly exposed KUB?
Psoas Muscles
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the junction of the small and large intestine?
ileocecal valve
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cecum:
Liver:
Spleen:
Stomach:
R Colic Flexure:
Sigmoid Colon:
Appendix:
Pancreas:
Gallbladder:
- cecum: RLQ
- Liver: RUQ
- Spleen: LUQ
- Stomach: LUQ
- R Colic Flexure: RUQ
- Sigmoid Colon: LLQ
- Appendix: RLQ
- Pancreas: RUQ LUQ
- Gallbladder: RUQ
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what structure stores and releases bile?
gallbladder
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what structure connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall?
mesentery
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the kidneys are connected to the bladder by?
ureters
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which specific decubitus position of the abdomen should be used in an acute abdomen series if the patient cannot stand?
Left Lateral decubitus
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abdominal projections are taken upon inspiration or expiration?
expiration
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