-
Mobitz I
- Usually due to inferior MI, rarely goes into 3rd degree block
- Tx w/ Atropine or Isoproterenol
-
Mobitz II
BBB association. Often goes to 3rd degree AV block. Usually due to anterior MI
-
-
-
-
Wavy fibers
- Eosinophilic bands of necrotic myocytes
- Early signs of MI
-
Janeway's lesions
- Acute bacterial endocarditis
- Nontender, erythematous lesions of palms and soles
-
Osler's Nodes
- Subacute bacterial endocarditis
- Tender lesions of fingers and toes
-
Thiamine deficiency
- Wet Beri Beri heart. Dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy due to chronic alcoholic consumption
- Dry Beri Beri = peripheral neuropathy
- Wernicke-Korsakoff = ataxia, confusion, confabulation, memory loss
-
Fibrinous Pericarditis
Associated w/ MI: Dressler's
-
Serous Pericarditis
Associated w/ nonbacterial; viral (coxsackie) infection; immunologic reaction
-
Friction Rub
Pericarditis association
-
Hemorrhagic Pericarditis
Associated w/ TB or neoplasm
-
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
- AKA infiltrative cardiomyopathy that stiffens the heart
- Due to amyloidosis in the elderly
- Also seen in schaumann & asteroid bodies in young (<25 yo)
-
PML's infectious agent
JC Virus (papovaviurs = dsDNA, naked icosahedral capsid)
-
Edema
- Increase Pc (more seeps out)
- Decreased oncotic pressure (less reabsorbed)
- increased permeability
- Block lymphatic drainage
-
Adult polycystic kidney disease
- Commonly see liver cysts & Berry aneurysms along w/ kidney cysts. Hematuria & HTN also present
- 3 cysts in each Kidney w/ + family hx conforms dx
-
Malignant HTN & Kidneys
Petechial hemorrhages are seen on kidney surfaces = Flea - Bitten surface = young black men
-
Nephritic Signs
hematuria; RBC casts; HTN
-
Nephrotic Signs
Proteinuria; Hypoalbuminemia; Edema
-
Podocyte Effacement seen w/
Minimal change (lipid nephrosis) disease
-
ASO seen in
- Acute post-streptococcal GN (due to beta HGA Strep)
- Anti streptolysin O
-
Crescentic GN
- Rapidly progressive GN -- nephritic syndrome
- Associated w/ mult system disease or post-strep/post infectious glomerular nephritis
-
Hereditary Nephritis
- Alport's syndrome. X linked
- Renal disease w/ deafness and ocular abnormalities
-
Membranoproliferative GN
- Can be secondary to complement deficiency; chronic infectious CCL
- See tram tracking
-
Type I Membranoproliferative GN deposits
C3 & IgG deposits
-
Type II Membranoproliferative GN deposits
- Only C3 deposits
- AKA dense deposit disease
-
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis deposits
IgM & C3 deposits
-
Cold agglutinins
- Seen in atypical pneumonia
- It is IgM Ab w/ specificity for I Ag on adult RBC
-
Scrofula
TB in lymph nodes
-
Aspirin - Asthma Triad
Nasal Polyps - Rhinitis - bronchoconstriction
-
Ferruginous bodies
Hemosiderin (pigment w/ Fe3-) covered macrophages that have been phagocytised
-
Pancoast's tumor causes
Ulnar nerve pain & Horner's syndrome
-
Fatty degeneration
- Make up primary of triglycerides
- Most commonly due to alcoholism which commonly leads to hepatic cirrhosis
- Associated w/ CCl4-
-
Cloudy swelling
- Failure of cellular Na pump
- Seen in fatty degeneration of the liver an in Hydropic (Vaculoar) degeneration of the liver
-
Hydropic degeneration
- severe form of cloudy swelling
- seen w/ hypokalemia induced by vomiting/diarrhea
-
Liquefaction necrosis
- Rapid enzymatic break down of lipids
- Seen commonly in brain and spinal cord (CNS) injuries
- Seen in suppurative infections = pus formation
-
Coagulation necrosis
- Result of sudden ischemia
- Seen in organs w/ end arteries limited collateral circulation = heart, lung, kidney, slpeen
-
Caseation necrosis
- Combo of both coagulation & liquefaction necrosis
- Seen w/ TB and Histoplasma capsulatum infection
-
Fibrinoid necrosis
- Seen in walls of small arteries
- Associated w/ malignant hypertension, polyarterties nodosa, immune metidated vasculitis
-
Fat Necrosis
- Result of lipase actions liberated from pancreatic enzymes
- Seen w/ acute pancreatitis = saponification results
-
Pulmonary Embolism
Most commonly thrombus from LE vein
-
Phlebothrombosis
- From a vein of LE, a pregnant uterus, in congestive HF, bed ridden pt
- As a complication in a pt w/ pancreatic CA due to increased blood coagulability
-
Saddle embolus
- Embolus logged in bifurcation of pulmonary trunks
- Increased RV strain = RV & RA dilate = Acute cor pulmonale
-
Paradoxical Embolism
- R to L shunt allows venous emboli to enter arterial circulation
- Patent ovale foramen or ASD
-
Tuberculoid granuloma
- Collection of macrophages w/o caseation
- Seen w/ Sarcoidosis (non-caseating): syphilis, Brucellosis and Leprotic infection
-
Cellulitis
Spreading infection due to streptococcus
-
Increased 5-HT
In cases of metastatic carcinoid, tx w/ Methysergide (5HT antagonist)
-
Increased alpha feto-protein
- Hepatocarcinoma
- Neural tube defects
-
CEA
Carcinoembryonic Antigen = elevated in colon ca
-
Chromosome 13
Retoblastoma
-
Chromosome 11p
Wilms tumor of the kidney
-
Vinyl chloride
associated w/ angiosarcoma of liver
-
Agent Orange
- Contains dioxin
- Implicated as a cause of Hodgkin's, non-Hodgkin's and soft tissue sarcomas
-
Parasites & CA
- Schistosoma haematobium = urinary bladder ca
- S. mansoni = Colon ca
- Aspergillus flavus = poteint hepatocarcinogen
-
Ochronosis
- Alkaptonuria
- Error in tyrosine metabolism due to Homogentisic acid (oxidizes tyrosine)
- Involving intervertebral disk = Ankylosing Spondilitis = Poker Spine
- Seen dark urine, dark coloration of sclera, tendons, cartilage
-
Lead poisoning
- Acid fast inclusion bodies
- Increase urinary coproprophyrin
- Anemia: microcytic / hypochromic
- Stippling of basophils
- Gingival line & lead line in bones - xray
- Mental retardation
-
Heroin OD, Clinically
Massive pulmonary edema w/ frothy fluid from nostrils
-
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Small head, small eyes, funnel chest, ASD, mental deficiency and hirstuism
-
Atypical mycobacterium
M. kanasasii & M. avium intracellulare
-
Cold abscess
Liquified TB lesions similar to pyogenic abscess but lacking acute infection
-
Actinomyces isrealli
- Farmers infection
- Lumpy jaw (from chewing grain) & PID (IUD), but most common is due to saprophyticus
-
Congenital Syphilis
Saddle nose, Saber shin, Hutchinson's teeth, nerve deafness, interstitial keratitis
-
Warthin-Finkeledy Cells
- Reticuloendothelial giant cells on tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
- Seen with Rubeloa (measles) due to paramyxovirus
-
Diphyllobothrium latum
Tapeworm infection causing megaloblactic anemia by consuming large amount of B12 in the host
-
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis
alpha-hemolytic streptococci (S. viridans) usually in pt w/ pre-existing heart problem
-
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
- Staph aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, E. coli
- Common among drug addicts and diabetics
-
Mitral Insufficiency
Ruptured papillary muscle
-
Left anterior descending branch
- Branch of the left coronary artery
- highest frequency of thrombotic occlusion
- MI = anterior wall of LV, especially in apical part of intraventricular septum
-
Left Circumflex branch
- Branch of Left Coronary Artery
- Occlusion = MI of posterior/lateral wall of the LV
-
Dissecting Aneurysm
- False aneurysm: it is splitting of the media of the aorta
- Usually accompanied w/ long history of severe hypertension, also seen w/ familial hyperlipidemia, atherosclerotic disease, Marfan's collagen disease
- Zones of medial necrosis +/- slit-like cysts = Medial Cystic Necrosis of Erdheim
-
Cor Pulmonale
Right ventricular strain, associated w/ right ventricular hypertrophy
-
Acute Cor Pulmonale
Sudden right ventricular strain due to a massive pulmonary embolism
-
Bronchopenumonia
- Lobular (rather than lobar)
- Due to Staph aureus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; E.coli
- Abscess formation is common
-
Lobar Pneumonia
- Due to Strep. pneumoniae infection (5%due to Klebsiella)
- Red Hepatization: days 1-3 of pneumonia
- Grey Hepatizaiton: days 3-8 of untreated pneumonia
- Complications: pleural effusion; atelectasia; fibrinous pleuritis; empyema; fibrinous pericarditis; otitis media
-
Bronchiectasis
- Permanent dilation of bronchi - predisposed by chronic sinusitis and post nasal drip
- Supparation association
- Lower lobe > than upper lobe involvement
-
Cold Agglutinins
Found w/ Mycoplasma pneumoniae
-
Panlobular Emphysema
Alpha 1 - antitrypsin deficiency, causing elastase increase = increase compliance in lung
-
Bulla
Associated w/ Emphysema = "Bleb" = outpouching - If it ruptures causes Pneumothorax
-
Farmers Lung
Due to Micropolyspora faeni (thermophilic actinomycetes)
-
Bagassois
- Due to M. vulgaris (actinomycetes)
- Inhalation of sugar cane dust
-
Silo-Filler's Lung
Due to Nitrogen dioxide from nitrates in corn
-
G6PDH deficiency
- Sex-linked chronic hemolytic anemia w/o challenge or after eating fava beans
- Heinz Bodies appear in RBC's
-
HbF increase
Sickle Cell Anemia
-
Multiple Myeloma
- Lytic lesions of flat bones ("salt and pepper lesions") = vertebrae, ribs, skull; Hypercalcemia; Bence-Jones protein casts
- Weakness; weight loss; recurrent infection; proteinuria; anemia; increased proliferation of plasma cells in BM plasma cell dx
- Serum M protein spike - most often of IgG or IgA
- Hypercalcemia (increased bone destruction)
-
Hodgkin's Disease
- Malignant neoplasm of lymph nodes causing puritis; fever = looks like an acute infection
- Reed Sternberg cells
-
Polyarthritis Nodosa
- Immune complex disease of Ag-Ab complexes on blood vessel wall
- Half of the immune complexes have Hepatitis B Ag
- Can see fever; abdominal pain; decreased weight; HTN; muscle aches
-
Sprue
- Celiac disease due to a gluten-induced enteropathy = small intestine villi are blunted
- High titers of anti-gliadin Abs & increased IgA levels
-
Regional Enteritis
- Crohn's Disease
- Association w/ Arthritis; Uveitis; Erythema Nodosum
-
Whipple's Disease
Intestinal Lipodystrophy = malabsorption syndrome
-
Kulchitsky cells
Neural crest cells from which carcinoids arise = of the Bronchi, GIT, Pancreas
-
Ulcerative Colitis
- Inflammatory disease of the colon w/ increased colon CA incidence
- Crypt abscess in the crypts of Lieberkuhn
- Pseudopolyps when ulcers deep
- Not transmural involvement
-
Vaginal Adenosis
- Women exposed to DES (Diethylstilbesterol) in utero before the 18th week of pregnancy
- Some develop clear cell adenocarcinoma of cervix and vagina
-
Scirrhous Carcinoma
Infiltrating Duct Carcinoma w/ fibrosis - most common type of breast carcinoma
-
Hofbauer Cells
Lipid laden macrophages seen in villi of Erythroblastosis Fetalis
-
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retroletal Fibroplasia = cause of blindness in premies due to high O2 concentrations
-
IgA Deficiency
- Pt has recurrent infections & diarrhea w/ increased respiratory tract allergy & autoimmune disease
- If given blood w/ IgA = develop severe, fatal anaphylaxis reaction
-
Primary Sjorgen's
Dry eyes & dry mouth, arthritis, increased risk for B cell lymphoma. HLA-DR3 frequent. Autoimmune disease
-
Secondary Sjorgen's
- Rheumatoid arthritis, SLE, or systemic sclerosis association
- RA association shows HLA-DR4
-
LDH1 & LDH2
Myocardium. LDH1 higher than LDH2 = MI
-
-
LDH 4 & LDH 5
Liver cells
-
Keratomalacia
Severe vit A deficiency. See Bitot's spots in eyes = grey plaques = thickened, keratinized ET
-
Metabisfite Test
- Suspending RBCs in low O2 content solution
- Can detect Hemoglobin S, which sickles in low O2
-
Microangiopathic hemolytic Anemia
- Can be due to HUS or TTP
- See helmet cells
-
Wright stain
Stain for Burkitt's lymphoma
-
Mononucleosis
- Due to EBV infection
- If Mono is treated w/ Amphicillin, thinking that it is strep pharyngitis, a rash will occur
-
T(8:14)
Burkitt's lymphoma = c-myc oncogene overexpression
-
T(9;22)
CML = c-abl/bcr gene formation = Philadelphia translocation
-
Langerhan Cell Histocytosis
- Letter Siwe syndrome; Hand Schuller Christian Disease; Eosinophilic Granuloma
- Birbeck granules are present = tennis racket shape
-
Myeloid Metaplasia
- Alkaline phosphate increased/normal compared to CML = low to absent
- Anemia; splenomegaly; platelets > 1 million = extensive extra-medullary hematopoiesis
-
T(14;18)
NH Lymphoma = bcl2 proto-oncogene over-expression seen w/ Small Cleaved Cell (Follicular) Lymphoma)
-
Focal Segmental GN exs
IgA Focal GN = Berger's disease; SLE; PAN; Schonlein-Henoch purpura (anaphylactoid purpura)
-
Nephrotic Syndrome exs
Focal (segmental) GN; Membranous GN; Lipoid (minimal change); Membranoproliferative GN; Hep B; Syphilis; Penicillamine
-
Schistosoma Haemotobium
- Infection is associated w/ Squamous cell CA of the bladder (most common Bladder CA is transitional cell type)
- Associated w/ portal HTN due to intrahepatic obstruction
-
Penicillin Resistant PID
PID is usually due to N. Gonorrhoeae, but if unresponsive to penicillin think of Bacteroides species
-
Duret Hemorrhages
- Severe increase in ICP w/ downward displacement of cerebellar tonsils into Foramen Magnum causing a compression on the brainstem w/ hemorrhaging into the pons and midbrain
- Nearly always associated w/ death due to damage to the vital centers in these areas
-
Hypertensive Hemorrhage
Predilection for lenticulostriate arteries = putamen & internal capsule hemorrhage
-
Cerebral Embolism Form
MI w/ Mural Thrombi; Atrial Fib Thrombi - Marantic thrombi; L-sided Bacterial Endocarditis; paradoxical emboli of septal defect
-
Neurosyphilis
- Tabes Dorsalis = decreased joint position sensation, decreased pain sensation, ataxia, Argyl Robertson pupil
- Syphilitic meningitis
- Paretic neurosyphilis
-
5p -
Cri di Chat: mental retardation; small head; wide set eyes; low set ears; cat like cry
-
Trisomy 13
Patau's: small head & eyes; cleft lip & palate; many fingers
-
Acute Cold Agglutination
- Abs to I blood group Ag. mediated by IgM Abs
- Complication of EBV of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections
-
Chronic Cold Agglutination
Associated w/ lymphoid neoplasms. See agglutination & hemolysis in tissues exposed to cold IgM Abs
-
RBC Osmotic Fragility
Hereditary Spherocytosis
-
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Small Lymphocytic: low grade B cell lymphoma of elderly. Related to CLL
- Small Cleaved cell (Follicular): low grade B cell lymphoma of the elderly. T(14:18) bcl-2 oncogene
- Large cell
- Lymphoblastic: high grade T cell lymphoma of kids progressing to T-ALL
- Small Non Cleaved = Burkitt's: high grade B cell lymphoma. EBV infection, Starry sky histo appearance. T(8:14) c-myc proto-oncogene. Related to B-ALL
-
Singer's Nodules
Benign laryngeal polyps associated w/ smoking & overuse of the voice
-
Paraseptal emphysema
Associated w/ blebs (large subpleural bullae) that can rupture and cause pneumothorax
-
Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
Obstructed due to bronchogenic carcinoma. Causing swollen face & cyanosis
-
Betel Nuts
Associated to oral cancer
-
Fundal (Type A) Gastritis
Antibodies to parietal cells; pernicious anemia; autoimmune disease
-
Antrial (Type B) Gastritis
Associated with Helicobacter (Campylobacter) pylori infection. 90% duodenal ulcer
-
Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
- Autoimmune origin; middle aged women; anti-mitochondiral Abs
- Jaundice; itching; hypercholesterolemia (can see cutaneous xanthomas)
-
Acute Pancreatitis
- Increase pancreatic enzymes = fat necrosis; sapponification = hypocalcemia; increase serum amylase
- Severe epigastric ab pain; prostration; radiation to the back
-
Radiating Back Pain
Chronic pancreatitis
-
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
No embryo, Paternal derivation only, 46 XX
-
Partial Hydatidiform Mole
Embryo. 2 or more sprems fertilized 1 ovum: triploidy/tetraploidy occurs
-
Cold Nodules
- Hypoplastic Goiter nodules that do not take up radio active iodine.
- [Opposite hot and do take up iodine]
-
Acidophils
- Mammotrophs = Prolactin
- Somatotrophs = GH
-
Basophils
- Thyrotrophs = TSH
- Gonadotrophs = LH
- Corticotrophs = ACTH & FSH
-
Lacunar Strokes
- Small / focal aa occlusions. Purely motor or sensory
- Sensory: lesion of thalamus
- Motor: lesion of internal capsule
-
CSF of Bacterial Meningitis
- decrease glucose
- increase protein, neutrophils and pressure
-
CSF of Viral Meningitis
- Normal glucose; +/- increased protein
- increased lymphocytes
-
Marble Bone Disease
Osteoporosis: Albers-Schonbred Disease = in-spite of increased bone density, many fractures = decreased osteoclasts
-
C5a
Involved in Chemotaxins (for Neutrophils)
-
C3b
Involved in Opsonization (and IgG)
-
Anaphylotoxins
C3a and C5a (mediate Histamine release from Basophils & Mast cells)
-
Vasoactive Mediators
- Vasoconstriction: TxA2; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; PAF
- Vasodilation: PGI2; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; Bradykinin; PAF
- Increased Vascular Permeability: Hist; 5HT; PGD2; PGE2; PGF2a; LTC4; LTD4; LTE4; Bradykinin; PAF
-
Platelet Aggregation
ADP; Thrombin; TxA2; collagen; Epi; PAF
-
Platelet Antagonist
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
-
Intrinsic Pathway
F XII (Hangman); aPTT
-
Extrinsic Pathway
F VII: PT
-
Lines of Zahn
Aterial thrombi = pale red colored (dark red is venous thrombi)
-
Currant Jelly appearance
post mortem clots
-
Emigration: chemotaxins
- Margination
- Pavementing
- Adhesion
- Chemotaxis
- Phagocytosis
- Intracellular microbial killing
-
Transudate
Specific gravity <1.012 - low protein
-
Exudate
Specific gravity >1.020 - high protein
-
Hurler's
- Lysosomal storage disease
- alpha L Iduronidase - Heparan/ Dermatan Sulfate accumulation
-
Galactosemia
- Deficiency of Galactose 1 Phosphate Uridyl Transferase.
- Increase Galactose 1 Phosphate
-
Phenyketonuria
- Deficiency: Phenylalanine Hydroxylase. Increase phenyalanine & degradation products
- Mousy body odor
-
Autosomal Dominant Diseases
- Adult Poly Cystic Kidney Disease
- Familial Hypercholestrolemia Disease
- Hereditary hemorrhagic Telengectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu)
- Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Huntington's Disease (chromosome 4p)
- Marfan's Syndrome
- Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's)
- Tuberous Sclerosis
- Von Hippel Lindau Disease
-
Autosomal Recessive Diseases
- Tay-Sachs
- Gaucher's
- Niemann-Pick
- Hurler's
- Von Gierke's
- Pompe's
- Cori's
- McArdle's
- Galactosemia
- PKU
- Alcaptonuria
-
X-Linked Recessive
- Hunter's Syndrome (L-Iduronosulfate Sulfatase deficiency, increased Heparan/Dermatan Sulfate)
- Fabry's Disease (alpha Galactoside A deficiency, increased Ceremide Trihexoside)
- Classic Hemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency, F8 gene on X chromosome is bad, increased Ceremide Trihexoside)
- Lisch-Nyhan Syndrome (HGPRT deficiency, increased Uric acid)
- G6 Phosphatase deficiency (G6PDH deficiency, increased Ceremide Trihexoside)
- Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy (Dystrophin deficiency, increased Ceremide Trihexoside)
-
Hypersensitivity Reactions "ACID"
- Type I (anaphylactic): IgE mediated, Ex: hay fever, allergic asthma; hives
- Type II (Cytotoxic): warm Ab autoimmune hemolytic anemia; hemolytic transfusion reactions; Erythroblastosis Fetalis; Grave's Disease; Goodpastures
- Type III (Immune Complex): Insoluble complement bound to aggreates of Ab-Ag complexes. Ex: Serum sickness, arthrus reaction, polyartheritis nodosa, SLE, Immune complex mediated glomerular disease
- Type IV (Delayed = cell mediated immunity): delayed hypersensitivity, involves memory cells. Ex: Tuberculin reaction, contact dermatitis, tumor cell killing, virally infected cell killing
-
Transplant Rejections
- Hyperacute Rejection: occurs w/in min of transplant Ab mediated
Acute Rejection: occurs w/in days to months of transplant. Lymphocytes and macrophages. Only rejection type that can be treated w/ therapy - Chronic Rejection: occurs months to years after transplant. Ab mediates vascular damage
-
Blood Metastasis
Sarcoma, exception - renal cell Ca: early venous invasion
-
Lymph Metastasis
Carcinoma, exception renal cell CA: early venous invasion
-
Aflatoxin
Seen w/ Aspergillus. Increased risk for hepatocellular CA
-
Cleft Lip
Incomplete fusion of maxillary prominence w/ median nasal prominence
-
Cleft Palate
Incomplete fusion of lateral palatine process w/ each other and medial nasal prominence and medial palatine prominence
-
Craniopharyngioma
Pituitary tumor - usually calcified
-
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
Involved in vision relay
-
Medial Geniculate Body
Involved in hearing relay
-
Lung Development
- Glandular: 5-17 weeks
- Canalicular: 13-25 weeks
- Terminal Sac: 24 weeks to birth
- Alveolar period: birth to 8yo
-
Heart's 1st beat
21-22 days
-
Foregut
Mouth --> common bile duct - supplied by celiac artery
-
Midgut
Duodenum, just below common bile duct --> splenic flexure of the colon supplied by superior mesenteric artery
-
Hindgut
Splenic Flexure --> Butt crack --> supplied by inferior mesenteric artery
-
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
Narcolepsy
-
Subdural Hematoma
Ruptured cerebral bridging veins
-
Epidural Hematoma
Ruptured middle meningeal artery "intervals of lucidness" 2nd to Temporal bone fx
-
Type I Error
alpha: "convicting the innocent" - accepting experimental hypothesis/rejecting null hypothesis
-
Type II Error
beta: "setting the guilty free" = fail to reject the null hypothesis when it was false
-
Power
1 - beta (type II error)
-
-
-
Positive Predictive Value
TP / (TP + FP)
-
Negative Predictive Value
TN / (TN+FN)
-
-
-
Delusion
Disorder of thought content
-
Loose Association
Skip from topic to topic
-
5 Stages of Death
Denial - Anger - Bargaining - Depression - Acceptance
-
1st Branchial Arch
Meckel's Cartilage - gives rise incus / malleus bones of ear
-
2nd Branchial Arch
Reichert's cartilage - gives rise to stapes bone of ear
-
Median Nerve lesion
No pronation
-
Radial nerve lesion
wrist drop - seen w/ humerus fracture
-
Common peroneal lesion
foot drop, no dorsifelxion or eversion of foot
-
Direct inguinal hernia
- Goes through superficial inguinal ring
- Medial to inferior epigastric artery
- Seen in older men
-
Indirect inguinal hernia
- Goes through deep and superficial inguinal ring
- Lateral to inferior epigastric artery
- Sen in young boys - processus vaginalis did not close
-
Diaphragm T8, T10, T12
- T8 - IVC
- T10 - Esophagus / Vagus
- T12 - Aorta / Thoracic duct/ Azygous vein
-
Hemiballism
- Wild flailing of 1 arm
- Lesion of the sub thalamic nucleus
-
O Linked Oligosaccharide
In golgi
-
N Linked Oligosaccharide
In RER
-
MLF Syndrome
Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: medial rectus palsy on lateral gaze; Nystagmus on abducting eye. Seen w/ MS
-
-
Raphe Nucleus
Initiation of sleep via 5HT predominance
-
Beta waves
Alert, Awake; Active mind - also seen in REM, therefore we say "paradoxical sleep"
-
Irreversible Glycolysis Enzymes
- Hexokinase
- PhosphoFructo Kinase = rate limiting step
- Pyruvate Kinase
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
-
Irreversible Gluconeogenesis
- PyruvateCarboxy Kinae
- PEPCarboxyKinae
- Fructose 1,6 BiPhosphatase
- Glucose 6 Phosphatase
- ***muscle does not take part in Gluconeogenesis, only takes place in liver, kidney and GI epithelium
-
Pellagra
- Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia
- Niacin Deficiency (Vit B3 deficiency)
- Hartnup's Disease
- Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome
- INH use
-
TLCFN
Needed as co-factor for pyruvate DH complex and alpha ketoglutarate DH complex
-
LCAT or PCAT
- Esterification of cholesterol: lecithin cholesterol acetyltransferase
- Lecithin = Phosphatidylcholine, therefore phosphotidylcholine acetyltransferase
-
HMGCoA Reductase
- Rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
- Changes HMGCoA --> Mevalonate
- (-) by Lovastatin
-
Ketogenic amino acids
Leucine & Lysine
-
Glucogenic amino acids
Methionine, Threonine, Valine, Arginine, Histadine
-
Keto & Gluco amino acids
Phenylaline, Trytophan, Isoleucine
-
Carnitine Shuttle
Feeds FA into the mitochondria for their consumption
-
Cori Cycle
- Keeps muscles working anaerobically
- Transfers lactate to the liver to make glucose which is sent back into the muscles for energy use
-
(-) Na pump (ATPase)
- Ouabain [(-) K pump]
- Vanadate [(-) phosphorylation]
- Digoxin [increase heart contractility]
-
TCA Cycle Products
- "Citric Acid Is Krebs Starting Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation"
- Citrate --> Aconitate --> Isocitrate --> alpha Ketoglutarate --> Succinyl --> Succinate --> Fumarate --> Malate --> OAA
-
Cones
Color vision. Contain Iodopsin = Red-Blue-Green specific pigment. For acuity
-
Rods
Contain Rhodopsin pigment. High sensitivity . Concentrated in the fovea. Night vision
-
Gastrula
Seen at 3rd week: Ecto, Meso, Endo
-
Epiblast
at 2nd week: forms the primitive streak, from which Meso & Endo come from. Directly gives rise to Ecto
-
Sydenham's Chorea
Post streptococcal infection. Necrotizing arteritis of the caudate, putamen, thalamus
-
(+) Frei Test
Chlamydia trachomatis types L1, L2, L3 = Lymphogranuloma venereum
-
Sabouraud's Agar
- Culture for all Fungi
- ie... Culture Cryptococcus neofromans which is found in pigeon droppings
-
FMR1 Gene Defect
Fragile X Syndrome: macro-orchidism; long face; large jaw; large everted ears; autism, mental retardation
-
Barr Body
- Present in Kleinfelters: Male - XXY
- Not present in Turner's Female - XO
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Aortic Insufficiency Signs
- Traube Sign = Pistol shot sound over femoral vessels
- Corrigan pulse = water hammer pulse over carotid artery = aortic regurgitation
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Scleroderma: "CREST"
Calcinosis; Raynauds; Esophageal; Sclerodactyl; Telangiectasis
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Cretinism
- Sporadic: bad T4 phosphorylation or developmental failure of thyroid formation
- Endemic: no Iodine in diet - protruding belly and belly button
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Hemochromatosis Triad
- Micronodular pigment cirrhosis
- Bronze diabetics
- Skin pigmentation = due to increased F3+deposition
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