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What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
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What are the two functions of the Nephron?
- 1. Filtration
- 2. Reabsorption
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What 3 factors does the degree of filtration depend on?
- 1. Blood Pressure
- 2. Actual Amount of Blood
- 3. Follow the Laws of Diffusion
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What are the 6 freeley filtered substances?
- 1. Water
- 2. Electrolytes
- 3. Amino Acid
- 4. Glucose
- 5. Urea
- 6. Creatinine
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Where does urea come from?
Protein Breakdown -> Ammonia -(Coverts by Liver)-> Urea -> Urine
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Where does creatinine come from?
Muscle (cell metabolism) contraction -> creatinine -> urine
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Reabsorption of substances from the __________ ____________ to the ___________ _______________.
Reabsorption of substances from the Renal Tubules to the Blood Stream.
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What are the 2 factors that can crontrol reabsorption?
- 1. Hormones
- 2. Blood Glucose Levels
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ADH comes from the ____________
Tells the _____________ _____________ to absorb water.
____________________ comes from the adrenals.
Controls ______ reabsorption and _______ excretion.
- ADH comes from the Pituitary.Tells the Renal Tubules to absorb water.
- Aldosterone comes from the adrenals.
- Controls NaCl reabsorption and K+ excretion.
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Normal Blood Glucose Level
100mg/dl
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Renal Threshold
160-180mg/dl
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What are the 3 processes of urine formation?
- 1. Filtration
- 2. Rabsorption
- 3. Storage/Excretion
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What are the 2 types of urine collection samples?
- 1. Early Morning Sample
- 2. Recently Formed Sample
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Advantages and Disadvantages for Early Morning Sample collection.
- AdvantagesShows urine concentration
- Increase chance of observing abnormalities like crystals.
- DisadvantagesPoor cytology
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Advantages and Disadvantages for Recently Formed Sample.
- AdvantagesGood for cytology
- DisadvantagesMay not show urine concentration
- Dilute urine causes a HYPOTONIC solution, lysing RBC's
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What are the 4 methods of urine collection?
- 1. Voided (free catch)
- 2. Manual Expression
- 3. Catheterization
- 4. Cystocentesis
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Advantages to Voided collection?
- Easiest on Animal
- No iatrogenic trauma/infxn
- Owner can do this, and bring sample in.
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Disdavantages to voided free catch collection?
- 1. May need sample now but animal doesn't have to go.
- 2. Not the best method for culture.
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For a voided (aka free catch) method, how do you collect urine from cats, horses, and cattle?
- Cats: empty litter pan, plastic beads, packing peanuts, seran wrap, trash liner on litter.
- Horses: rubbing warm wet clotch on the lower abdomen
- Cattle: stimulate urination by tickling vulva
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What is the advantage to manual expression?
When the patient is under anesthesia prior to a surgery (spay, laparotomy) it's best to express the bladder prior to incision to get the bladder of the way, and decrease chances of cutting the bladder.
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Disadvantages for manual expression collection?
- 1. May require anesthesia
- 2. Big dogs with tense abdominal muscles
- 3. May cause iatrogenic trauma/infxn
- 4. Could rupture bladder
- 5. If patient has cystitis , can drive bacteria up ureters and cause a pyelonephritis.
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True False You can manually express the bladder even if there is an obstruction.
FALSE! Never express a bladder with an obstruction
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Advantages to catheterization collection?
- 1. Can usually get sample right away
- 2. Can relieve urinary obstruction
- 3. If using a Foley; can moniter urinary output
- 4. Okay to use for culture
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Disadvantages to catheterization collection?
- 1. Iatrogenic trauma/infx
- 2. May require anesthesia (cats, female dogs)
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Types of Catheters used...
- Cats - Tom Cat Catheter
- Dogs - Red Rubber Catheter
- Polypropylene Catheter
- Females - Metal Bitch Catheter
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What do you do to the catheter before removing it? Why?
Pinch the tubing before pulling it out so you don't spray urine everywhere.
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How long can urine sit at room temperature?
30 minutes.
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What occurs to the urine has time progresses?
- 1. Bacteria multiple
- 2. Cells disintigrate
- 3. Urine gets cloudy
- 4. Crystals increase in number
- 5. Casts breakdown
- 6. pH changes
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How long can a urine sample be refridgerated up to?
6 hours.
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What is the process of chemical preservation of urine?
1 drop of 40% fermaldehyde to 1 oz of urine.
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What are the 4 parts to a routine u/a?
- 1. Macroscopic evaluation
- 2. USG
- 3. Urine chemistries
- 4. Microscopic evaluation
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Urinanalysis is...
the function of kidneys and other organs.
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What are the 4 components of a macroscopic evaluation?
- 1. Color
- 2. Clarity/Transparency
- 3. Odor
- 4. Foam
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What are 5 reasons for discolored urine? Give 1 cause each.
- 1. Hematuria - uroliths
- 2. Hemoglobinuria - IAHA
- 3. Myoglobiniuria - Exertional rhabdomyolysis
- 4. Bilirubinuria - HBO
- 5. Misc. - Psuedomonas
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Normal clarity/transparency for carnivores, equids, ruminants, and lab animals.
- CarnivoresClear/transparent
- Increases concentration
- EquineCloudy due to crystals and mucus
- RuminantsClear = Freshly excreted
- Cloudy = after standing
- Lab AnimalsCloud almost milky.
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If the odor of urine is strong ammonia may indicate _________ due to __________ ___________- ______________.
If __________ & ___________ smell, may indicate pseudomonas or ketons (due to D.M)
- If the odor of urine is strong ammonia may indicate Cystitis due to Urease Positive Bacteria.
- If Sweet & Fruity smell, may indicate pseudomonas or ketons (due to D.M)
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The presence of foam may indicate?
Increased protein
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