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Aquitard
An impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement.
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Aquifer:
Permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwaterfreely.
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Specific yield:
Moves under the influence of gravity
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Specific retention:
Portion retained as a film on particle and rock surfaces andtiny openings
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Permeability:
the ability of a material to transmit a fluid
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Porosity:
percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces
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Factors that are important to groundwater movement:
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Gaining streams:
Gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed
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Losing streams:
lose water to the groundwater system by outflow through the streambed
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Where do the highest velocities occur?
The center just below the surface
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Velocity:
distance journeyed/time
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Factors that determine velocity:
- 1.Gradient, or slope
- 2.Channel characteristics including shape, size, and roughness
- 3.Discharge – the volume of water moving past a given point in a certain amount of
- time
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Factors that increase downstream:
- •Velocity
- •Discharge
- •Channel size
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Factors that decrease downstream:
- •Gradient
- •Channel roughness
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Important stream zones based on dominant process:
- 1.Erosion
- 2.Sediment transport
- 3.Sediment deposition
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Types of load:
- •Dissolved load
- •Suspended load
- •Bed load
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Capacity:
The maximum load a stream can transport
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Bedload transport:
Particles that make up the bed load move along the bottom
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Stream channels:
- 1.Bedrock channels
- 2.Alluvial channels
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Bedrock channels:
Streams actively cutting into solid rock
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Alluvial channels:
- •Meandering streams
- •Braided streams
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Facts about meandering streams
- •Migrates laterally and down valley
- •Mostly fine-grained particles
- •Deep, smooth channel
- •Can form many Oxbow Lakes
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Braided streams:
- •Sand-, gravel-, and boulder-sized particles
- •Intermittent flow (seasonal)
- •Channels are shallow and narrow
- •Islands
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Depositional landforms:
- Deltas
- Natural levees
- Alluvial fans
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Where do Alluvial fans develop?
where a high-gradient mountainous stream leaves a narrow valley
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