A&P 1

STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY

STUDY OF THE FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN BODY

STRUCTURE defines FUNCTION and vice versa, they complement eachother, STRUCTURE designs the specific function and function influences the size, shape, action, and reaction of the structure

• EX:
• the liver, the structure is the liver and it has the function of filtering blood and creating bile, they are inter-related and cannot be separated

• EMBRYOLOGY- study of fetal dev., first 8 weeks of dev.
• DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY- ALL stages of dev.
• CELL BIOLOGY- cell structure and function
• HISTOLOGY- microscopic structure of tissues
• SURFACE ANATOMY- surface markings of the body
• GROSS ANATOMY- structures viewed without a microscope
• SYSTEMIC ANATOMY- structure of specific systems
• REGIONAL ANATOMY- specific regions of the body
• RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY- body stuctures visualized with x-ra, CT, or MRI
• PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY- structural changes with diseases

• NEUROPHYSIOLOGY- functional properties of nerve cells
• ENDOCRINOLOGY- hormones and how they control body functions
• CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY- function of the heart and blood vessels
• IMMUNOLOGY- how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents
• RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY-functions of the air passageways and lungs
• RENAL PHYSIOLOGY- functions of the kidneys
• EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY- changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity
• PATHOPHYSIOLOGY- functional changes associated with disease and aging

• *CHEMICAL (EX: atomic- HYDROGEN/ OXYGEN & molecular- CARBS/ LIPIDS)
• *CELLULAR- all cells (EX: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, & nucleus)
• *TISSUE- cells gathered together in groups (EX: NERVOUS TISSUE)
• *ORGAN-collection of tissues, which then performs functions needed for the human body (EX: KIDNEY/ LIVER)
• *SYSTEM- group of organs which carry out a more complete set of functions (EX: URINARY/ ENDOCRINE)
• *ORGANISM- forms from the 11 body systems working together (EX: THE HUMAN BODY)

• INTEGUMENTARY (SKIN)
• SKELETAL (BONES/ JOINTS)
• MUSCULAR (MUSCLES)
• NERVOUS (BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, NERVES...)
• ENDOCRINE (HORMONE PRODUCING GLANDS)
• CARDIOVASCULAR (BLOOD, HEART, & BLOOD VESSELS)
• LYMPHATIC & IMMUNE (LYMPHATIC FLUID/ VESSELS)
• RESPIRATORY (LUNGS/ AIR PASSAGEWAYS)
• DIGESTIVE (ORGANS OF GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT)
• URINARY (KIDNEYS, URETERS, URINARY BLADDER, AND URETHRA)
• REPRODUCTIVE (GONADS/ ASSOCIATED ORGANS)

PROTECTS BODY, REGULATES BOD TEMP, ELIMINATES SOME WASTES, HELPS MAKE VIT D, & DETECTS SENSATIONS (TOUCH, PAIN, WARMTH, & COLD)

SUPPORTS/ PROTECTS BOD, PROVIDES SURFACE AREA FOR MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS, AIDS BOD MOVEMENTS, HOUSES CELLS THAT PRODUCE BLOOD CELLS, STORES MINERALS AND LIPIDS

PRODUCES BOD MOVEMENTS (WALKING), STABILIZES BODY POSITION (POSTURE), & GENERATES HEAT

GENERATES ACTION POTENTIALS (NERVE IMPULSES) TO REGULATE BOD ACTIVITIES, DETECTS CHANGES IN BOD'S INTERNAL/ EXTERNAL ENVIRO., INTERPRETS THE CHANGES, & RESPONDS BY CAUSING MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OR GLANDULAR SECRETIONS

REGULATES BODY ACTIVITIES (RELEASING HORMONES-CHEMICAL MESSENGERS)

HEART PUMPS BLOOD THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS, BLOOD CARRIES OXYGEN & NUTRIENTS TO CELLS & CARBON DIOXIDE & WASTES AWAY FROM CELLS & HELPS REGULATE ACID-BASE BALANCE, TEMP, & WATER CONTENT OF BOD FLUIDS, BLOOD COMPONENTS HELP DEFEND AGAINST DISEASE & REPAIR DAMAGED BLOOD VESSELS

RETURNS PROTEINS & FLUID TO BLOOD, CARRIES LIPIDS FROM GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT TO BLOOD

TRANSFERS OXYGEN FROM INHALED AIR TO BLOOD & CARBON DIOXIDE FROM BLOOD TO EXHALD AIR, HELPS REGULATE ACID-BASE BALANCE OF BODY FLUIDS, AIR FLOWING OUT OF LUNGS THROUGH VOCAL CORDS PRODUCES SOUNDS

ACHIEVES PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD, ABSORBS NUTRIENTS, ELIMINATES SOLID WASTES

PRODUCES, STORES, & ELIMINATES URINE, ELIMINATES WASTES AND REGULATES VOLUME AND CHEMICAL COMPOSTION OF BLOOD, HELPS MAINTAIN THE ACID-BASE BALANCE OF BOD FLUIDS, MAINTAINS BOD'S MINERAL BALANCE, HELPS REG PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS

• GONADS PRODUCE GAMETES (SPERM OR OOCYTES) THAT UNITE TO FORM A NEW ORGANISM, GONADS ALSO RELEASE HORMONES THAT REGULATE REPRODUCTION AND OTHER BODY PROCESSES, ASSOCIATED ORGANS TRANSPORT AND STORE GAMETES
• *you CAN live without the reproductive system

subject stands facing the observer (anteriorly), eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor facing forward, arms at sides with palms facing forward (EVERYTHING FACES FORWARD!)

CEPHALIC

CRANIAL

FACIAL

CERVICAL

VERTEBRAL

THORACIC

SCAPULAR

DORSAL

ABDOMINAL

LUMBAR

PELVIC

GLUTEAL

BRACHIAL

ANTEBRACHIAL

CARPAL

PALMAR, VOLAR

FEMORAL

CRURAL

SURAL

PEDAL

TARSAL

CALCANEAL

DIGITAL, PHALANGEAL

TOWARD THE HEAD, TOP, OR ABOVE

AWAY FROM HEAD, BOTTOM, OR BELOW

TOWARD THE MIDLINE

AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE

CLOSER TO POINT OF ORIGIN OR ATTACHMENT

FURTHER AWAY FROM THE POINT OF ORIGIN OR ATTACHMENT

TOWARD THE FRONT

TOWARD THE BACK

SAMES SIDE OF MIDLINE

OPPOSITE SIDE OF MIDLINE

TOWARD THE SURFACE

TOWARDS THE CORE

SURFACE CLOSEST TO CAVITY WALL

SURFACES CLOSEST TO ORGAN INSIDE THE CAVITY

• SAGITTAL (MEDIAL/ LATERAL)- VERTICAL PLANE, MIDSAGITTAL (2 EQUAL HALVES) & PARASAGITTAL
• TRANSVERSE (SUPERIOR/ INFERIOR)- HORIZONTAL PLANE
• FRONTAL OR CORONAL (ANTERIOR/ POSTERIOR)- VERTICAL PLANE

• DORSAL CAVITY
• CRANIAL & VERTEBRAL CAVITIES
• VENTRAL CAVITY
• THORACIC CAVITY
• PLEURAL, PERICARDIAL CAVITIES AND MEDIASTINUM
• ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
• ABDOMINAL & PELVIC CAVITIES

FORMED BY CRANIAL BONES AND CONTAINS BRAIN

FORMED BY VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND CONTAINS SPINAL CORD AND THE BEGINNINGS OF SPINAL NERVES

CHEST CAVITY, SUPERIOR PORTION OF VENTRAL BODAY CAVITY, CONTAINS PLEURAL AND PERICARDIAL CAVITIES AND MEDIASTINUM

EACH SURROUNDS A LUNG; THE SEROUS MEMBRANE OF THE PLEURAL CAVITIES IS THE PLEURA

SURROUNDS THE HEART; THE SEROUS MEMBRANE OF THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY IS THE PERICARDIUM

CENTRAL PORTION OF THORACIC CAVITY BETWEEN THE LUNGS; EXTENDS FROM STERNUM TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND FROM NECK TO DIAPHRAGM; CONTAINS HEART, THYMUS, ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA, AND SEVERAL LARGE BLOOD VESSELS

INFERIOR PORTION OF VENTRAL BODY CAVITY; SUBDIVIDED INTO ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC CAVITIES

CONTAINS STOMACH, SPLEEN, LIVER, GALLBLADDER, SMALL INTESTINE, AND MOST OF LARGE INTESTINE; THE SEROUS MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS THE PERITONEUM

CONTAINS URINARY BLADDER, PORTIONS OF LARGE INTESTINE, AND INTERNAL ORGANS OF REPRODUCTION

IT SEPARATES THE THORACIC CAVITY AND THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

IT HELPS US TO BREATHE

DORSAL/ CRANIAL CAVITY

DORSAL/ VERTEBRAL CAVITY

NO CAVITY, ITS IN THE NECK

VENTRAL/ THORACIC/ PLEURAL CAVITY

VENTRAL/ THORACIC/ MEDIASTINUM

VENTRAL/ THORACIC/ PERICARDIAL CAVITY

NO CAVITY, IT DIVIDES THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES

VENTRAL/ ABDOMINOPELVIC/ ABDOMINAL CAVITY

VENTRAL/ ABDOMINOPELVIC/ PELVIC CAVITY

OUTSIDE THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

VENTRAL/ ABDOMINOPELVIC/ RETROPERITONEAL CAVITY