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Constant
potentially varying parameter that is kept constant.
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Controlled variable
potentially varying parameter that is kept constant
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Dependent variable
- the parameter that is measured
- Can differ between the experimental and control groups as a result of differences in the independent variable
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Independent variable
variable intentially allowed to varry
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Data
Recorded observations quantitative or qualitative
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Inductive reasoning
Small observations to large generalizations
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deductive reasoning
General premises to hypothesis
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Scientific method
- Hypothesis based science
- Orderly steps
- Idealized process
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Hypothesis
Tentative answer to a well framed question
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Falsifiable
There must be some observation or experiment that could reveal that the idea is not true
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All life
- Composed of cells
- Require energy
- Reproduce
- DNA
- Evolve
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Hierarchies of Biology
- Biosphere
- Communities
- population
- organism
- organ system
- organ
- tissure
- cell
- organelle
- molecule
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What is science
based on the assumption that all events have natural causes
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Viruses have:
- no nucleus or organelles (not cellular)
- 0 energy use unless infecting
- 1/2 DNA and 1/2 have RNA
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Evolution answers the unity and diversity of life
- Look the same due to common ancestor
- Look diferent due to natural selection
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Taxonomy
Naming and classifying species
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Organism grouped together due to:
- Similarities:
- Morphological
- Physiological/ biochemical
- Genetic
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Bacteria and Archaea
- Prokaryotic (lack a nucleus)
- Most unicellular and microscopic
- 2 very distinct brances of prokaryotes
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Eukarya
- Possessing a nucleus
- Protista
- Fungi
- Anamalia
- Plantae
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Monophyletic groups
- Kingdoms anamalia, plantae, and fungi
- each kingdom has an ancestral species and all descendents
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Modes of nutrition
- Partly distinguishes anamalia, plantae and fungi
- photosynthesis
- decomposers
- Ingestion
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Excusion
- Kingdom protista defined by
- These are eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi
- should be split into multiple kingdoms
- most unicellular
-
List classifications
- Kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
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Two main sciences
- Discover (describe)
- hypothesis (explain)
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Fact
- does not mean absolute certainty
- provisional acceptance
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Theory
- not scientific
- hunch
- idea
- scientific
- general set of principle
- strongly supported by evidence
- explains some aspect of nature
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Theory of gravity is both fact and theory
- gravity is a fact
- vast body of evidence
- the mechanism of gravity is a theory
- newton explained rather well how gravity occurs
- einstein and others refined it
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Theory of evolution is both fact and theory
- occurrance is Fact:
- vast body of evidence
- no competing scientific explanation for unity/diversity of life
- mechanism is theory:
- Darwin described natural selection
- other biologists refined
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