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What is an example of incidence?
Number of new cases of down syndrome is 1 in 700 live births
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Which cells are incapable of regeneration?
Cardiac and skeletal muscles, lens, nerves of the central nervous system, and glomeruli
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What causes dilation of endoplasmic reticulum and a decrease in protein synthesis?
Loss of intracellular K+, increase of intracellular Na+, and accumulation of Ca++ within mitochondria.
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A state wide health problem.
Obesity
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What is a definition of prevalence?
Number that represents all of the cases of a disease
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What is hyperplasia?
Increase in the number of cells
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What causes cellular autodigestion after ischemia?
Increased release of lysosomal enzymes
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How does Cushings contribute to obesity?
Effects of Cortisol - adipose gain and water retention
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What is an example of an iatrogenic cause?
Caused by treatment or by health providers implementation of prescribed treatment (e.g. medical error)
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What is an example of a nonsocomial infection?
Infection acquired within at least 72 hours after hospitalization (MRSA)
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What is metaplasia?
Replacement of normal epithelium of the esophagus with glandular epithelium in individuals with gastric reflux
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How do free radicals cause cell damage?
Breakdown of lipids causing damage to cell membranes with increased permeability
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What does the release of free fatty acids contribute to?
Increased cardiometabolic risk
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What is BMI?
Body Mass Index. Links body weight to health risk.
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What is dysplasia?
Alteration in cellular growth in which morphologic characteristics of the cell are variable and disorderly
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What damage can occur after blood flow is restored to an ischemic area?
Membrane damage, mitochondrial calcium overload and cell necrosis
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This peptide hormone promotes inflammation and angiogenesis.
Leptin
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What is necrosis?
Irreversible process that results in disrupted plasma membrane, shrunken nucleus, dispersed ribosomes
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What are maladaptive aspects of hyperplasia, metaplasia, and/or dysplasia?
Processes by which cells are prone to malignant transformation
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What is apoptosis?
Active process of cellular self-destruction that does not trigger the inflammatory process
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How do adipokines contribute to hypertension in the obese?
By secreting a hormone similar to the Renin-Angiotensin System
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What is pathogenesis?
Pattern of tissue change associated with the development of disease
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What are the effects of decreased ATP in cells due to ischemia?
There is failure of sodium pump fails and increased breakdown of glucose
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How do chemicals cause cell injury?
Toxicity to plasma membranes and formation of free radicals and lipid peroxidation
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What is released by adipocytes in response to other metabolic signals?
Free Fatty Acids
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What is morbidity?
The number of people who have diabetes mellitus.
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What causes cells to swell in response to ischemia?
Increased intracellular sodium and water
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Why are there increases in intracellular Na and extracellular K after ischemia?
Ischemia decreases oxygen to mitochondria which decreases ATP, preventing Na-K pump from functioning
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What state caused by the proinflammatory state caused by adipokines?
Atherogenesis
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