Biology Chapter 32

speices currently living

species no longer living

hetero: different source, trophic: food/nutrition

makes their own food/energy

collection of specialized cells segreagated or separate from the rest of the body

sexually immature form of the animal, may look different from adult or not, feeds differently, and will undergo metamorphosis, morphologically distinct from adult

larva goes from sexually immature to juvenile stage, not quite adult still sexually immature

regulatory genes that control the expression (transcription) of other genes during embryonic development

outside layer of cells will form skin of the animal or central nervous system

"inside" ; digestive tract, digestive tract starts outside the body, ex: the mouth is outside in the world when you open it and put something in thats from outside the body, line digestive tract; liver and lungs or vertebrates

suffix that refers to the study of geology

"neoprotero" end of proterozoic era

ancient, old. primative, early, way back when

middle, intermediate

new or recent or common

no front or back, no left or right

fixed to a substrate, ex: anemone

drifiting, ex: sea jelly

top and bottom ( dorsal and ventral, left and right, front and back ( anterior and posterior)

top

bottom

front

back

concentration of nervous system (i.e. the brain) at anterior ( in the front of the animal)

found in muscles and all other organisms, fills space between the ectoderm and endoderm

two germ layers of tissue

three germ layers of tissue

fluid filled or air filled cavities, houses organs, found between digestive tract and body wall, suspends organs away from body wall (doesn't interfere with growth) , provides cushioning and protects organs from injury

cavities found within the mesoderm

animals with a coelom in the mesoderm

coeolom is located between the endoderm and mesoderm

still has organs but no suspension because they are within the tissue, no cavities

concentric layers, form various tissues and organs of the body

• 1: spiral cleavage
• (first mouth or mouth forms first) ; if you draw a vertical axis , the cells are offset and aligned diagonally ( sprial cleavage) , each cell's fate has already been determined,

• 2: coelom formation
• coelom formation is split in the mesoderm between the endoderm and ectoderm,

• 3: fate blastopore
• blastopore forms mouth, then anus

planes of cell divison are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo, smaller cells are centered over the grooves between larger , underlying cells

group whose members share key biological features

a group that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants

• 1: radial cleavage
• (mouth forms second) cells are on top of each other ( radial cleavage) symmetrical if the axis drawn vertically and horizontally, devolops as a whole organism because its cells are not fixed or determined

• 2: coelom formation
• coelom formed in mesoderm

• 3: fate of blastospore
• anus formed first, then mouth

fate of each cell is " fixed" , each piece (cell) is part of a whole, you take away one part and its not complete anymore

cell fate not yet fixed, cells haven't been gived instructions so blastula will continue to grow as a whole

the development or evolution of a particular group of organisms

the branch of biology dealing with the form and structure of organisms, the form and structure of an organism considered as a whole

true animal, ( eu means true and zoa means animal)

succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between divisions

hollow ball of cells

layers of embryonic tissue develop into adult body parts

product of gastrulation

a group of soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes found in the hills of Ediacara in Australia, 1st evidence of multicellular animals

dramatic increase in animal diversity, one of the most important events to happen on earth, about 1/2 of extant life descends from hear

• 4 theories:
• -predator prey relationships
• -increased oxygen
• -evolution of Hox genes
• -all of the above

indentation during gasturlation leads to the formation of the archentron

542-251 million years ago

• -Cambrian Explosion
• - post cambrian:
• +mass extinctions
• +fish dominanted
• +460 mya land colonization occured
• +360 mya two main groups survive today amphibians and amniotes ( reptiles and animals)
• +millipedes and centipedes on land
• +ferns created galls in response to insects

1: DNA sequencing, choanoflagellates are the closest to humans on the phylogentic tree and share genes exclusively found in animals

2: Choanoflagellates and collar cells are almost indistiquishable, because they look so similar, a single cell organism (choanoflagellate) resembles one single collar cell

3: Similar cell are found in jellies, sea stars ( non-vertabretes , no fungi or plants) , similar collar cells found in choanoflagellates are found in jellies, sea stars ( no plants or fungi)

1000-542 mya or 1- .542 bya

• -fossil evidence of animals found
• -earliest you can go back with fossil evidence
• -increase in animal diversity
• -ediacaran biota: earliest evidence of animals

251 to 65.5 mya

• - no new diversity
• -niche specialization
• -some reptiles returned to aquatic habitats
• -wings and flight have evolved in certain creatures
• -large and small dinosaurs on earth
• -first mammals
• -dramatic diversification of flowering plants and insects

(between mesozoic and cenazoic dinosaurs went extinct)

65.5 mya to present

• -mass extinctions
• -large mammals are found to replace dinosaurs

been around for 550 my, able to cut in half and have a mirror image

• -all animals are monophyletic ( share a common ancestor)
• -sponges are basal animals
• -eumetazoa is a clade with true tissue
• -most animals are bilaterian ( belong to bilateria clade)
• -chordates=deuterostomia, ( belong to clade of deuterostomia)

• 1: how ( method used ) can result in different data
• 2: who is right? ( in approach)
• 3: moleular genetics ( which genes? ) want the most accurate picture/data

• chracteristic shared by nematodes, anthropods
• - these animals secrete external skeletons ( exoskeletons)

• process of shedding the old exoskeleton
• -clade name suggests common ancestory by molecular data

refers to two different features found in this clade: lophophore and trochophore larva

• a structure ( from the Greek lophos, crest and pherein to carry)
• -a crown of ciliated tentacles that fuction in feeding

distinctive developmental stage mollucs and annelids go through