-
What was the key to the peace enjoyed by Rome's diverse peoples?
Roman Legions
-
Who was the paterfamilias?
oldest male member in the family
-
At what age did girls get married?
12-15
-
What did marriage among responsible Romans include?
an emotional bond and a legal bond
-
What tools did Roman farmers use?
axes, shovels, hoes
-
Who said "I found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble"?
Augustus Caesar
-
What types of jobs could slaves NOT hold?
government clerks
-
What covers the walls of the Villa of Mysteries in Pompeii?
scenes of an initiation right in to a mystic, religious cult
-
What has been found on the outside on the walls of buildings in Pompeii?
grafitti
-
During the reign of Augustus, how much money was a legionnaire given when he left the Legion?
five years pay
-
It is believed that the first major civilization in Mesoamerica was that of the ___?
Olmec
-
What, according to archaeologists, is believed to be the first major city of Mesoamerica?
Teotihuacan
-
How was Mayan civilization structured?
a group of city-states ruled by individual kings
-
What do archaeologists think caused the collapse of the Mayan civilization?
fort shortages, disease, drought
-
What building structures would you find on a visit to Teotihuacan?
- Temple of the Sun
- Temple of the Moon
- Avenue of the Dead
-
Where were the Maya primarily located?
Yucatan Peninsula
-
How can Mayan society best be described?
a society where labor is divided along sex lines
-
What, according to Mayan religious beliefs, was essential to the god's happiness?
human blood
-
Why do we know so little about Mayan history and daily lief?
Spanish destroyed Mayan codexes
-
What did the Mayan calendar track?
- Cycle of Venus
- Solar cycle
- Lunar cycle
-
Who took over most of Central Mexicao from the peoples who originally lived there?
the Aztec
-
How large was the Aztec Empire at its height?
22 million people
-
How did the Aztecs deal with conqured rulers?
allowed the rulers to remain in power as long as they served the Empire
-
What types of power did Aztec rulers hold?
religious and political power
-
What what the name of the Aztec capital?
Tenochtitlan
-
What was the key to the Aztec controlling conquered peoples?
the sacrifice system
-
Aside from gold dust, what did the Aztec use for currency?
cocoa beans
-
Who was the last ruler of the Aztec Empire?
Montectzuma
-
How frequently were market days held?
twice a week
-
Where did Aztec sacrifices occur?
at temples that stood in the center of cities
-
According to the belief of the Aztecs, the sun was created by
gods sacrificing other gods
-
Why did each Aztec god have a female counterpart?
The Aztec believed in the duality of all things
-
What was the basic purpose of Aztec religion?
To ask/answer basic questions of life
-
How many major types of gods did the Aztecs have?
3
-
What were the most important types of gods to the Aztecs?
Fertility
-
What was Quetzalcoatl?
a god described as a Feathered Serpent
-
What does "Huitzilopochtl" literally mean?
Blue Humming Bird on the Left
-
How many levels were there in Aztec political life?
4
-
Who was responsible for the conquest of the Aztecs?
Cortes
-
Where was the Inca Empire located?
The Andes Mountains
-
When did the Inca begin to become powerful?
after the collapse of the Moche Kingdom
-
What types of structures did the Inca build?
bridges, temples, stone roads
-
How did the Inca keep records and transmit messages?
quipus
-
Who conquered the inca?
Pizarro
-
Why were the Spanish able to conquer the Inca?
- disease decimated the population
- there had been a weakening civil war
- allied w/enemies of Inca
-
What physical feature is most commonly used to represent the skills of the Inca as builders?
Machu Picchu
-
Who could you marry as an Incan farmer?
another Incan farmer
-
What jobs could women have in an Inca village?
a wife or priestess
-
What were the achievements of the Maya, aztec, and Inca?
calendars, mathematics, record keeping
-
Who is considered to be the restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic religion?
Mohammed
-
What great even of Islamic history occurred in 630-631 AD?
The Prophet capture the city of his birth
-
Why did Muslims split into two main groups?
The issue of who should've been the first Caliph after Mohammed's death
-
Which of the Five Pillars is based on financial ability?
the Pilgrimage
-
In which city did the Prophet first begin his preaching?
Mecca
-
Which battle ended the Muslim incursion into Western Europe?
Battle of Tours
-
When was Jerusalem initially captured by the Muslims?
during the Umayyad Caliphate
-
Who called forth the People's Crusade?
Peter the Hermit
-
Who led the Crusader forces that recaptured Jerusalem from the Muslims?
Raymond of Toulouse
-
What effect did the Crusades have on Italy?
Italy grew rich from transporting Crusaders to the Holy Land and trade goods to Italy
-
Of the Five Pillars of Muslim faith, which may be suspended for age or health reasons?
Sawm, fasting
-
What are some of the distinguishing features of Muslim Architecture?
bright colors, arches supported by pillars, open/airy
-
Who were the four men who guided Islam following the death of Mohammed?
-
What are the Five Pillars of Faith?
the practices that make up the Muslim faith
-
How many actual holidays are in the Muslim Calendar?
2
-
How was Islam spread following the death of the Prophet?
by military conquest
-
Who called the First Crusade?
Pope Urban II
-
Which Crusade came closest to recapturing Jerusalem after the Muslims retook it from the Christians?
3rd Crusade
-
What was the original meaning of Jihad?
walk in the way of the Lord
-
How did the Pop make it easier for people to go on the Crusades?
decreed that it was not a sin to kill an infidel
-
What happened when the Crusaders captured Jerusalem for the first time?
they slaughtered most of the inhabitants without regard to faith
-
What happened after the Crusaders captured Antoich?
a huge Muslim Army laid siege to the city
-
Why was Mohammed's first marriage different for the time period?
his wife was 20 years older than him
-
Who commanded the Frankish Army that turned Muslims back in Western Europe?
Charles Martel
-
t did the Muslims call the above battle?
Battle of the Court of Martyrs
-
Who led the Third Crusade?
Richard the Lionheart
-
What positive things came from the Crusades?
advances in math and medicine were made, classics of the Ancients were reintroduced
-
What Byzantine Church was later turned into a Mosque?
Hagia Sophia
-
How is Muslim architecture different from that of Europe of the same time period?
- Muslim: open/airy
- Europe: heavy/dark
-
Who raised Mohammed after his parents died?
his Uncle
-
How old was Mohammed when he had his first revelation?
40
-
What did he do following his first revelation?
he told no one at first
-
What city did Moohammed flee to when it became apparent he was no longer safe in his home?
Medina
-
What are the two primary sects of Islam?
Sunni and Shi'ite
-
Which of the above is the largest?
Sunni
-
How did the residents of the city to which mohammed fled receive him/
They accepted him as a wise man
-
Where were Rome's most vulnerable frontiers?
to the North along the Rhine and Danube
-
How was Roman culture spread throughout the Mediterranean World?
through Roman soldiers, who often married and settled with local women
-
How did the Romans view citizenship?
something to be shared even with conqured people
-
What was the penalty for a Vestal losing her virginity prior to retiring?
being buried alive
-
Who had sex with Rhea Silvia while she slept and got her pregnant?
Mars
-
How many versions of the story of the rescue of Romulus and Remus did we discuss in class?
2
-
What is the meaning of the Latin word "lupa"?
She-wolf, or prostitute
-
Why did Romulus kill Remus?
Remus stepped over the furrow Romulus was digging
-
Why was Rome built on a hill seventeen milds from the ocean
could be defended from sea raiders and land attacks
-
Besides the Etruscans, whome did the Romans borrow much of their culture from?
Greeks
-
What was one of the differences between the Romans and Etruscans?
viewed men and women as equals
-
What were Etruscan sports like?
- tended towards violence
- saw men and women compete
- used prisoners as sacrifice
-
What is believed to have developed as a result of Etruscan Funeral rites?
Gladiator Fighting
-
What were some of the differences between Romans and Greeks?
were more utilitarian than the Greeks
-
What would the Romans frequently do after conquering an enemy nation?
incorporate culture into Roman culture
-
How did the Romans view religion?
- not very spiritual
- not much ceremony
- polytheistic
-
What was one of Rome's greatest architectural achievements?
-
What architectural techniques did the Romans perfect?
- aqueducts
- amphitheaters
- techniques for building large buildings
-
What did Roman beliefs tend to support?
the military
-
What was one of the chief characteristics of the Roman Empire?
a focus on building roads
-
What were the three schools of Roman philosophy?
-
Roman religion tended to be
relativelly spiritless
-
How did the Stoics view you and your fate?
You're the master of your own fate
-
What did the Cynics say about you and harm?
"No harm can come to a good man"
-
What happened to Romans and their sports in the late Empire?
they became spectators
-
What does the movie Gladiator reflect about the Roman world?
average Roman outlook on life
-
What was the lorica segmentata?
metal body armor worn by many Roman soldiers
-
Approximately how much did a legionnaires' equipment weigh?
120-125 lbs
-
Aside from an individual soldier, what was the smallest unit of the Roman Army?
conturbenium
-
How many Cohorts were in a legion?
10
-
What was the difference between the first cohort and the rest of a legion?
It was twice the size of the others and had the best soldiers
-
Who commanded a Legion?
a Legatus
-
Beside the infantry, what other types of troops were in a legion?
- archers
- cavalry
- Auxiliary cohorts
-
What were the murmillos?
heavyweight gladiators
-
What was the last line of a legion called?
Trairius
-
According to the first Century AD historian, Josephus, what equipment did a Roman Soldier carry besides his personal gear?
a bucket and and axe
-
From the lectures, what was a Roman tent made out of?
leather
-
Who usually paid for the games the people saw in the arenas and circuses?
wealthy politicians
-
What was the original name of the Coliseum?
Flavian Amphitheater
-
During the fourteenth century, people did not believe that the cause of plague originated from what?
rats and lice
-
What were some of the things that occurred in the Middle Ages?
- the invention of gunpowder, eyeglasses, clocks, stirrups
- agricultural revolution
-
What happened to the original inhabitants of Britain after the Romans left?
They were driven into Wales in the west and Scotland in the north
-
Written accounts from this period talk about the invasions and about ___ as causing hardships for the people living in Western Europe.
-
What scientific evidence supports contemporary claims about weather conditions in the Middle Ages?
- ice samples
- tree rings
- physical evidence of a volcanic eruption
-
Who founded the Carolingian Dynasty?
Charles Martel
-
What confirmed the Franks as "Protectors of the Church" after 756?
They liberated Rome from Lambards
-
What was Manorialism?
an economic system where small communities formed around a central lord or master
-
What did a manor consist of?
- castle
- church
- village
- surrounding farm land
-
What does the French word "Cheval" mean?
horse
-
What was a knight expected to be like?
- to have strength and skill for combat
- a chivalrous nature
-
What were some of the technological advances in the Middle Ages?
- water wheel
- mechanical clock
- printing press
- gunpowder
-
How did the church see the development of the mechanical clock?
The Church was against it because it undermined Church authority
-
What was one of the benefits to the development of the clock?
- allowed individual autonomy
- work now measured by time
-
Who actually invented gunpowder?
the Chinese
-
What was one unexpected consequence of the development of gunpowder?
Castles became useless
-
What is "Parallel Development"?
when two things develop independently at the same time
-
When did the Normans invade England?
1066
-
Who led the invasion of England?
Harald Hardrada of Norway
-
What was King Edward of England known as?
The Confessor
-
Why did the Pope support one of the invaders and not the other?
William swore on the relics of a saint, thereby winning the pope's favors
-
What evidence was there that one of the battles fought by the English against the invading Vikings was particularly brutal?
The Vikings left behind 216 ships
-
What Battle saw the defeat of the English to the final invaders of their country?
Battle of York
-
How can Mayan religion best be described?
- polytheistic
- believing that all of life was in the hands of a divine power
-
What was the purpose of the Doomsday Book?
to demonstrate the power of the government machine in the reign of William I
-
Why wasn't the Doomsday Book every completed?
was abandoned early in the reign of William Rufus, William I's successor
-
What development led to the growth of towns in the Middle Ages?
development of advanced farming technique
-
Why did the inclusino of peas and beans improve human and animal diets?
There was an increase in high quality protein
-
What piece of propaganda did William have made after his conquest of England
the Bayeux Tapestry
-
What is the benefit of a three field rotation in growing crops?
The soil is allowed to get its nutrients back
-
Why was the peasant population able to begin moving to towns and specializing in certain tasks?
some were no longer needed for agriculture
-
Where did unemployed peasants turn for work?
trade and manufacture
-
Why did people begin taking the name of their trade as their last name?
The increase in population led to the need for more distinct, personal names
-
What is the difference between a city and a town in the Middle Ages?
A city had a bishop.
-
What was one of the leading factors in the growth of Italian city-states?
Teh trade routes opened
-
Which region of Italy had the hardest time with communications?
mountains of northern Italy
-
What was one, true unifying force in Italy in the Middle Ages?
the Church in Rome
-
What had happened to the population of Italy between 1100 and 1347?
It doubled
-
Why did Italy actually benefit from the Crusades?
Ships carried the Crusaders to the Holy Land to kill Muslims, loaded up with trade goods made by Muslims, and brought those trade goods back to Italy where they were sold for huge profits
-
According to some economic historians, what happened to the average income in Italy between the 11th and 13th centuries?
it tripled
-
What caused the sudden, drastic decline in the fortunes of Italy?
the Black Plague
-
What did Negland gain control of in the early 1400s?
the production of wool
-
What unexpected effect did the crusades and the Black Death have on Western Europe?
It weakened the power of nobility
-
What did the average person support the kings over the old nobility?
They saw it as a way to lessen the power of the nobles
-
Who were the three most powerful monarchs in Western Europe by 1500?
- Charles V
- Louis XII
- Henry VII
-
How many of Henry VIII's children lived to adulthood?
3
-
How many wives did Henry VIII have?
6
-
Why was the Renaissance able to start in Italy in the mid-1400s?
They had the money to do so
-
What happened when the Turks captured the Byzantine Empire?
Large numbers of Christian scholars left Greece for Italy
-
What happened to art in the mid-1400s?
Wealthy families and the church had amassed enough wealth to become patrons of the arts
-
Who were the "Fab Four" of the Renaissance?
- Michaelangelo
- Leonard Da Vinci
- Raphael
- Donatello
-
What does Mr. Smith think da Vinci's greatest work is?
the Last Supper
-
While many people considered the art of the Renaissance to be "new", it was actually what?
the return to the style of Rome and Greece in the Classical Periods
-
What type of government developed in Milan?
a dictatorship
-
How did the council of prelates who met in Pisa in 1409 attempt to end the Great Schism?
They elected a new pope in place of the two that existed; ended up with 3 popes
-
Who led the French Army to several victories in the Hundred Years War?
Joan of Arc
-
Who took over dominance of Florence's banking industry in 1434?
the Medici banking family
-
Who ended the 100 Years War?
Charles VII
-
Which two Spanish monarches married in 1469?
Ferdinand of Aragon and isabella of Castille
-
Who ended the War of the Roses in England and replaced Richard III as king?
Henry Tudor
-
What unusual thing did Henry Tudor do after becoming king?
He cut off funding for all foreign wars
-
What did the Spanish do after reconquering Granada?
They sought overseas expansion
-
Why did Spain become the most powerful nation in Western Europe in the early to mid-1500s?
- the gold and silver that flowed from the "New World" through Spain after the conquest of Mexico and Peru
- superiority on the battlefield
-
How did the early Greeks refer to themselves?
Hellenes
-
What reforms did Clisthenes enact?
- enlarged Athenian Assembly and increased its powers
- created Council of 500 to represent the different classes
- Officials were elected
- Citizenship granted to some freedmen and to some immigrants
- Ostracism
-
Who was Draco?
an Athenian noble who was credited with putting down first written laws of Athens
-
Which of the four Athenian leaders who developed their government cancelled land mortgages?
Solon
-
What was one of the flaws of Athens's government?
- Athens' adult population: 50,000 male citizens with voting rights
- Direct democracy: the citizen had to be there to vote
- Women had few rights and opportunities
- Slavery played a major role in the economy
- Orators often used forceful and coercive language, rather than logic, to sway voters
-
Which Greek City-State encouraged the Greeks in Miletus to revolt against the Persions?
Athens
-
Where did the Greeks defeat the Persians during the first Persian invasion of Greece?
Marathon
|
|