2.2_Immune_Cytokines

A: (1) short half-life (2) modulate the immune response (3) produced by/ modulate many types of cells (4) redundant (5) affect other cytokines (6) recognized by specific receptors

A: (1) interferon alpha/beta (type one interferon) (2) TNF (3) IL-1 (4) IL-6 (5) Chemokines

A: INF-alpha made by monocytes and macrophages mostly. INF-beta made by all cells

A: Anti-viral response. Specifically they (1) upregulate Class I MHC and decrease class II MHC and (2) induce enzymes preventing virus replication (make the cell anti-viral)

A: LPS- activation of macrophages by bacterial infection. TNF is present in granules of mast cells (preformed).

A: False TNF can elicit two general responses depending on the quantity of TNF released. Localized signaling for low quantities and systemic for higher concentration.

A: (1) increase adhesion molecules on endothelium (2) up regulates killing efficiency of neutrophiles and eosinophils. (3) Increase class I MHC expression (4) induce other cells to produce cytokines.

A: (1) induces fever as an endogenous pyrogen (2) induces cells to produce IL-1 and IL-6 (3) Increases phagocytosis by increasing acute phase protein production by liver (4) suppresses bone marrow cells from dividing

A: Macrophages/monocytes produce IL-1 after TNF, LPS, or IL-1 induction. IL-1 basically does the same functions as TNF. (local inflamm, fever, acute phase proteins etc)

A: IL-6 if activated by IL-1 and TNF. It's functions are similar and it also acts to polyclonally activate Be cell differentiation.

A: IL-2; IL-4; TGF-beta; INF-gamma; IL-10; IL-12 (all discussed individually)

A: IL-12 and IFN-gamma. TH1 cells (1) activate macrophages (2) Induce more T cells (TH1) (3) increase MHC expression on APC's (4) Induce B cells to release opsonins (help macrophages).

A: IL-2 and IL-4; TH2 cells (1) inhibit macrophage activation (2) induce more T cells (TH2) (3) Induce B cells to produce IgE and IgG4.

A: Made by most helper T-cells upon activation. It is a T-cell growth factor. (2) it can also act on NK cells increasing killing capacity.

A: Product of TH2 T cells and sometimes mast cells. (1) Induce production of IgE (2) block macrophages (anti-iflammatory) (3) mast cell growth factor (4) stim. Expression of adhesion receptors.

A: suppresses the effect of other cytokines (anti-inflammatory)

A: Prod. by TH1 T-cells. (1) anti-viral and anti-proliferative (2) activates macrophages (3) upregulate NK and neutrophil function (4) shifts TH0 cells to TH1 upon activation

A: Mad eby TH2 cells and mast cells in mucosa. (1) opposite of IFN-gamma (2) inhibits cytokine trascription in macrophages (3) reduces Class II MHC and B7 on macrophages (can't activate T-cells)

A: B- cells and monocytes. The receptor is express by NK and T-cells. (TNF-alpha induces IL-12 prod. by macrophages. (1) activates NK (2) commits TH0 to TH1 pathway (3) increases activity/proliferation of CD8 T cells.

A: Colony stimulating factors (growth factors). IL-3, GM-CSF, Macrophage colony stimulating factor, Granulocyte CSF, and IL-7

A: B cell/ T cell growth factor

A: Broad activator of bone marrow expansion: prolonged exposure produces mast cells

A: Granulocyte-Monocyte colony stimulating factor (it activates them).

A: push cells to granulocyte lineage: neturophil and eosinophils (CSF=colony stimulating factor)