Bio 3.txt

Carbon based molecules

• Compounds with only carbon and hydrogen
• Longer ones provide fuel for body cells

Chain of carbons in an organic compounds

Compounds with the same formula but different structures

• Polar, hydrophilic
• First 5 chemical groups
• Participate in chemical reactions in different ways

• Water-loving
• Soluble in water

• Hydrogen bonded to an oxygen atom to the carbon skeleton
• Called alcohols

• Carbon double bonded to an oxygen
• If its at the end it's an aldehyde
• If its within the cabin it's a ketone

Carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and bonded to a hydroxyl group

• Nitrogen bonded to 2 hydrogens and the carbon skeleton
• Acts as a base

• Phosphorous bonded to 4 oxygen atoms
• Ionized and attached to carbon skeleton by oxygen
• Often involved in energy transfers-ATP

• Non-polar; not reactive but affects shape and function
• Carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens
• Affects the expression of genes when added to DNA

• Very large molecules
• Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acid
• Can consist of thousands of atoms

• Chains of small molecules
• Help form macromolecules

Building blocks of polymers

Removes a molecule of water from monomers as they are linked together by a covalent bond

• The break down of macromolecules
• Add water to break down polymers and make monomers available to cells

• Specialized macromolecules
• Speed up chemical reactions

• A class of molecules
• Very broad- small sugars, large starches, etc.

Carbohydrate monomers

2 monosaccharides linked with a dehydration reaction

• Macromolecules, 100s to 1000s of monosaccharides linked
• Starch, glycogen, and cellulose

• Storage polysaccharide in plants
• Made of glucose monomers
• Coiled in a helical shape

• Storage polysaccharide in animals
• Stored in liver and muscle cells

• Most abundant organic compound
• Polymer of glucose, makes plant walls
• Monomers linked by hydrogen bonds my dehydration reactions

Structural polysaccharide used to build exoskeletons

• Don't mix well with others but otherwise different lipids share few characteristics
• Carbon and hydrogen bonds linked by non polar covalent bonds

• Avoid water
• Oils repel water

Large lipid made from glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Alcohol with 3 carbons and 3 hydroxyl groups

• Double bonds in the carbon chain cause kinks and 2 fewer hydrogen atoms per double bonded carbon
• Liquids

• No double bonded carbons so the maximum number of hydrogens
• Solids

Fat produced from hydrogenation that's associated with health risks

• Major component of cell membranes
• 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol and a - phosphate group

Lipids- carbon skeleton has 4 fused rings

• Common component in cell membranes
• Starting material to make steroids

• Synthetic testosterone
• Cause buildup of muscle and bone mass in males
• Can be harmful

• Polymer of amino acids
• Most structurally complex molecule

• Have an amino group and a carboxyl group covalently bonded to a central carbon
• Monomers of proteins

Result of covalent linkage from dehydration reactions

A chain of amino acids

Unique sequence of amino acids in a protein

Parts of polypeptide coil and fold into patterns

Overall 3d shape of a polypeptide

• 2+ polypeptides that work together to perform a specific function
• Most proteins have it but some don't

• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Contains genetic information inherited from parents

Unit of inheritance

• DNA and RNA
• Located in the nucleus for the most part (RNA not always in the nucleus)

• RNA
• Build proteins- middle man between DNA and proteins

• Monomers that make up nucleic acid
• A, T, G, C

• 2 polynucleotides wrap around each other
• DNA structure