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Bio 9.txt
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Heredity
The transmission of traits from one generation to the next
Genetics
The study of heredity
Character
A heritable feature that varies among individuals
Eye color
Trait
Each variant of a character
Blue eyes vs. green eyes
Self fertilize
Sperm carrying pollen grains land on egg containing carpels of the same plant
Cross fertilization
Fertilization of one plant by another plant
True breeding
Varieties for which self fertilization produced identical offspring
Hybrids
Offspring of 2 different varieties
Cross
Hybridization
Cross fertilization itself
P generation
Parent generation
F1 generation
Hybrid offspring
F for filial Latin for son
F2 generation
F1 generation's offspring
Mono hybrid cross
Cross between 2 true-breeding organisms for one trait
Purple pea plant vs. white pea plant
Differ in on character
Homozygous
2 of the same alleles
Allele
Alternative versions of a gene
Heterozygous
2 different alleles for the same characteristic
Dominant
The allele that determines the organism's appearance
Represented by upper case letters
Recessive
No noticeable affect on the organisms appearance
Represented by lower case letters
Law of segregation
A sperm off egg carries 1 allele for each characteristic
Allele pairs separate during gamete production
Punnett square
Shows the combinations for various alleles that could
occur when gametes combine
Phenotype
The organism's physical traits
Genotype
An organism's genetic makeup
Locus
Specific location of a gene along the chromosome
Dihybrid cross
A mating of parental varieties differing in 2 characteristics
Law of independent assortment
The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another
Testcross
A mating between an individual of an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual to determine the former's genotype
Rule of multiplication
The probability of a compound event is the product of the individual events
Rule of addition
The probability that an event can occur in 2+ alternate ways is the sum of the separate probabilitieS
Bb + bB
Wild-type traits
The traits that prevail in nature
Not necessarily specified by dominant alleles
Freckles dominant but less common
Pedigree
Collection of phenotypes for a certain trait
Helps determine genotypes
Carriers
Heterozygotes who carry a recessive disorder but don't have it themselves
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Recessive disorder
Affects 30000 American
Excessive secretion of mucus on organs
Inbreeding
Matings between close blood relatives
Causes a high frequency of recessive disorders
Achondroplasia
A form of dwarfism where head and torso are normal but arms and legs are short
Dominant disorder
Only appears in Aa individuals
Less common than aa; proves recessive traits sometimes more common
Huntington's disease
Dominant disorder that affects the nervous system later in life
More common because people don't know they have it until later
Complete dominance
The dominant allele has the same effect whether homozygous dominant or heterozygous
Incomplete dominance
Heterozygotes are different from homozygous dominant individuals
Pink from red and green
ABO blood group
Three alleles for a single gene
3 alleles can produce 4 phenotypes
Codominant
Both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes
Pleiotropy
One gene influences multiple characters
Sickle-cell disease
An example of pleiotropy
Makes abnormal hemoglobin as well as impacts the shape of red blood cells and other symptoms
Polygenic inheritance
2+ genes affect one physical trait
Skin color
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Genes occupy specific loci and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment
Linked genes
Genes located close enough together on the same chromosome that are often inherited together
Don't follow Mendel's laws
Recombination frequency
Percentage of recombinants
Linkage map
Diagram of relative gene locations
Made using recombination frequencies
Sex chromosomes
Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex
Sex-linked genes
A gene located on either sex chromosome
Hemophilia
X-linked recessive trait
Excessive bleeding when injured
Plagued the royal families
Red-green colorblindness
Malfunction of light sensitive cells
Recessive X genmore males affected than females
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Progressive weakening of muscles
X-linked recessive disorder
More makes affected than females
Author
cstewart6
ID
126517
Card Set
Bio 9.txt
Description
bio chapter 9
Updated
2012-01-08T07:04:25Z
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