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Atom
The basic unit of life
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Element
A pure substance with only one atom
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Isotope
Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain
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Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared by atoms instead of being transferred
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Ionic Bond
One or more electrons and transferred from one atom to another
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An atom that loses an electron has a _____ charge
Positive
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Molecule
The structure that results when atoms are joined together by covalent bonds
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Van der Waals forces
The slight attractions that develope between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
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The vertical columns on a periodic table are called ____
Groups
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The horizontal rows of the periodic table are called ____
Periods
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How many electrons fit on each shell?
2, 8, 18
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Mixture
Material of two or more elements mixed together
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Suspension
A mix of water and non dissolved material
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What is the greatest solvent in the world?
Water
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Solution
A mixture of two or more substances in which the molecules of the substances are evenly mixed
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pH Scale
The concentration of H+ atoms
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Acidic (pH)
0-7
The compound that forms H+ ions
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Buffer
A weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sudden changes in pH
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Hydrogen Bond
A weak bond that forms when H2O molecules attract each other
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Macromolecules
Large molecules
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Polymerization
Process when macromolecules are fromed
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Polymers
Formed when monomers join together
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What are the four organic compounds found in living things?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
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What makes up a carb?
C1H2O1
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Where is starch found?
Plants
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What two polysaccharides provide energy?
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What is the purpose of cellulose?
Plant Structure
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What makes up protein?
C1H1O1N1
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What do proteins make?
Amino Acids
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Where are proteins found in humans?
Muscles
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What are lipids made up of?
C1H1O1
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What do lipids make up?
Fatty Acids:
Fats, oils, waxes -> non-polar
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What are two purposes of lipids?
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What are nucleic acids made up of?
CHONP
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What do nucleic acids make?
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What is the purpose of nucleic acids?
Store genetic information
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Chemical Reaction
A process to change chemicals into other chemicals
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Reactants
Go through a reaction
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Products
What is produced in a reaction
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What is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds from or are broken?
Energy
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Activation Energy
The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
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Catalyst
Speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy
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Enzymes
Biological catalysts
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Subrates
The reactiants of enzymes-catalyzed reactions
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Enzyme-Substrate Complex
The binding together of an enzyme and a substrate
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Prokaryotes
Organisms that lack nuclei (Bacteria)
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Eukaryotes
Organisms with nuclei (Plants, animals, fungi, protists)
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Cells
Make up every living thing
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
One of the first to see organisms in water
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Robert Hooke
Saw thousands of empty chambers in a thin slice of cork under a microscope
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Matthais Schleiden
Found that all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann
Found that all animals are made of cells
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Rudolph Virchow
Found that cells can only be produced by the division of existing cells
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Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure in living things
- New cells are made from existing cells
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Chromatin
DNA bound to protein
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Nuclear Envelope
Controls movement of materials in and out of the cell
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Golgi
Packages and sorts proteins and other materials
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Chromosomes
Condensed chromatin
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Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are produced
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Cell Membrane
Controls movement in and out of the cell
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Lysosomes
Digest nutrients and destroy organelles.
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Cytoplasm
Fluid outside the nucleus
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Makes lipids and protein that are exported throughout the cell
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Cell wall
Supports and proects the cell
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Centrioles
Help organize cell division
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Diffusion
Particles move from more concentrated area to a less concentrated area
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Active Transport
The energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane across a concentration
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Endocytosis
Taking material into the cell by infolding, or pockets of the cell membrane
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Phagocytosis
Cytoplasm surround a particle & package it within a food vacuole
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Exocytosis
Membrane of the vacuole surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
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Autotroph
Organisms that make their own food
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Heterothophs
Organism that obtain energy from the food they eat
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- One of the principal chemical compounds that cells use to store energy
- Made of Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate Groups
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How do cells use the energy provided by ATP?
- Protein synthesis
- Muscle contraction
- Active transport
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