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Absolute Value
The distance between a number and zero on the number line.
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Acid
Any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water. (pH<7)
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Acidic Solutions
Solutions that have a pH scale value less than 7.
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Activation Energy
Energy necessary for a chemical reaction to occur.
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Active Verb
A verb that shows an action preformed by the subject of the sentence.
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Active Voice
State of a sentence that contains an active verb.
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Adaption
The increase from generation to generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment.
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Addition Principle
The rule that makes it possible to move terms from one side of an equation to another by adding opposites to each expression.
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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Cellular fluid produced in the mitochondria.
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Adjective
Descriptive word that modifies nouns or pronouns.
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Adverb
A word modifying a verb, adjective, or another adverb indicating when, how, where, why, or how much.
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Alkane
Hydrocarbon with only single bonds.
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Alkene
Hydrocarbon with one double bond.
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Alkyne
Hydrocarbon with one triple bond.
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Alleles
Two or more different form of a certain gene.
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Alveoli
Structure in the lungs that permits the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide to occur.
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Amino Acid
The building blocks of proteins.
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Anatomical Position
A standard position in which the body is facing forward, the feet are parallel to each other, and the arms are at the sides with the palms facing forward.
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Anatomy
The study of the structure of various organs and body systems.
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Anion
An atom or molecule with a negative charge.
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Antecedent
A noun that a pronoun refers back to or replaces.
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Anterior
- Toward the front of the body or body structure.
- Opposite of posterior.
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Anitbody
A protein produced by a B cell in response to an antigen.
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Antigen
A foreign protein, such as pathogen, that stimulates antibody production.
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Apostrophe
A punctuation mark (') used to indicate possessiveness or the omission of letters or numbers.
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Arabic Numerals
- Written numbers that use a combination of the whole numbers.
- 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9.
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Arteries
Blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to the capillaries.
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Article
A word that is used to limit a noun, either definite (-a, an-) or definite (-the).
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Atom
The smallest part of an element that still retains all the original properties of the element.
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Atomic Mass
- The number of protons and neutrons within the nucleus of an atom.
- The average mass of all of the know isotopes of an element.
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Atomic Number
- The number of protons in the nucleus of the chemical element.
- The number or protons that defines a specific atom.
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Attributive Tag
A part of a sentence that indicates who said a direct quote.
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Audience
Person or persons who will be reading a piece of writing.
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Author's Intent
The underlying reason why the author wrote the text.
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Autonomic Nervous System
The branch of the peripheral nervous system that controls automatic body functions like heartbeat and digestion.
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Autotroph
An organism that is able to produce its own food.
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Axon
A part of the nerve cell that carries impulses away from the cell body and connects one neuron with another neuron over a synapse.
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B Cell
- A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies in response to antigens.
- Responsible for humeral immunity.
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Bar Graph
- A graph used to compare the frequency of an event.
- Frequencies are displayed as vertical or horizontal.
- Nontouching bars.
- Data is usually noncontinuous.
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Base
Any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water. (pH>7)
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Basic Solutions
Solutions that have a pH scale value greater than 7.
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Biases
Opinions or beliefs that affect a person's ability to make fair, unclouded judgments or decisions.
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Binomial
Polynomial that has two terms.
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Binomial Nomenclature
- A two-word naming system that includes the universally accepted genus and species of each organism.
- Developed by Carolus Linnaeus.
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Bronchial Tubes
Small respiratory passages that connect the trachea to the lungs.
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Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that transport blood between arteries and veins within the body.
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Catalyst
Substance that controls the rate of a chemical reaction.
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Cation
An atom or molecule with a positive charge.
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Cause-Effect Text Structure
First presents an action, and then describes the effects that result, or may result, from that action.
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Cell
The basic unit of all life.
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Cell Wall
The outside, rigid layer that helps separate the inside and outside of both prokaryotic and plant cells.
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Cellular Respiration
The process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate.
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Celsius
A metric temperature scale defined (at standard pressure) by the melting point of ice (0 degrees C) and the boiling point (100 degrees C) of liquid water.
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Central Nervous System
The branch of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord.
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Centrosome
Microtubule organizing center that helps form and organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis.
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Charge
A positive of negative distribution within an object.
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Charles Darwin
Evolutionary biologist who studied wild life on the Galapagos Islands in the 1800's and wrote "On the Origin of Species" in which he explained adaption and natural selection.
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Chemical Bonding
Chemical attraction of atoms due to their electron arrangement.
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Chemical Reaction
- A dynamic event that alters the chemical makeup of a molecule.
- A process that chemically transform a set of substances into another set.
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Chemotaxis
The release of chemicals by damaged cells that attract white blood cells.
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Chlorophyll
Green pigment in plants.
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Chloroplast
- An organelle that contains chlorophyll and is found in plants.
- Used to carry out photosynthesis.
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Chromatid
- One of a pair of newly duplicated chromosomes that are still attached to one another.
- A pair containing hundreds of genes.
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Chyme
A mixture of food, chemicals, and enzymes in the stomach.
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Cilia
Tiny hairs in the bronchial tubes that keep that airway clear by removing unwanted matter from the lungs.
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Circle Graph
- Divided into sectors representing the frequency of an event.
- Sectors total 100%.
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Circulatory System
- Transportation highway for the entire body.
- Also known as the cardiovascular system.
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Clause
Group of words that are related and contained both a subject and a properly conjugated verb.
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Codon
A group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid.
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Coefficient
Numerical part of a term.
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Colon
A punctuation mark (:) used to indicate that there is information to follow.
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Comma
A punctuation mark (,) used to indicate a break or pause within a sentence.
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Comparison-Contrast Text Structure
Presents two different cases, usually with the intent of making the reader consider the differences (or similarities) between the two cases.
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Compass-Rose
A symbol that indicates the cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west) as they relate to the map.
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Complex Sentence
A sentence that contains an independent clause and a dependent clause.
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Compound Sentence
Two or more independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction.
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Connective Tissue
- Connects different structures of the body.
- Includes bones, cartilage, adipose tissues (fats), and blood vessels.
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Constant
- Quantity that does not change.
- It's what students refer to as "numbers"such as 8, -3, 1/2, 1/4, .45, etc.
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Context
Text surrounding a word, phrase, or passage.
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Context Clues
Words surroundings an unfamiliar word that can help a reader discern the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
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Coordinating Conjunctions
- Words that join two or more words, phrases, or clauses so that each conjoined element is equal.
- In English, there are only seven, and they may be remembered using the acronym FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so).
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Covalent
The sharing of electrons between atoms.
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Cristae
Series of folds formed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion.
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Critical Reading
The reading style where the reader carefully analyzes the text, judging its credibility and the author's intentions, rather than simply accepting the material as fact.
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Crude Birth Rate
The number of childbirths per 1,000 people per year.
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Crude Death Rate
The number of deaths per year 1,000 people per year.
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Crystalline Order
Atoms arranged in a highly ordered state.
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Cumulative Sentence
- Contains an independent clause followed by a parallel string of modifiers.
- Modifiers may be adjectives, prepositional phrases, or dependent clauses.
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Cytokines
Chemical messengers that are released by damaged tissues.
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Cytokinesis
- The division and separation of the cytoplasm from one cell into two new cells.
- Its accomplished by pinching off of the cell membrane to form two cells while simultaneously synthesizing and additional membrane to help in the process.
- Begins in the late anaphase and completes in telophase.
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Cytoplasm
Rich protein fluid with gel-like consistency that houses organelles.
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Deductions
- Items that are subtracted from a beginning salary.
- State taxes, federal taxes, health insurance, and retirement contributions).
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Deductive Reasoning
A method whereby conclusions follow from a general principle.
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Deep
- Away from or below the body surface.
- Opposite from superficial.
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Degree
An exponent or sum or exponents of the variable of a term.
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Dendrites
Branched extensions of the neuron that receive impulses (electric messengers) from other neurons and stimuli.
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