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The three stages of using and developing a water supply.
- 1) Early cultural development phase
- 2) Water projects are constructed
- 3) Population and the need for water grow
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- generally enough water to go around (name stage)
Stage 1) early cultural development phase
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- can meet basic needs such as drinking, sanitation, irrigation, etc. (Name stage)
- Stage 1) Early cultural development phase
- or
- Stage 2) Water projects
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Conflicts over water are minimal and water is affordable (even free). (Name stage)
Stage 1) Early cultural development phase
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- water is diverted from lakes/rivers for cities, irrigation, hydropower, etc. (Name stage)
Stage 2) Water projects
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- may be implemented to ensure the marketability of developed water supplies. (Name stage)
Stage 2) Water projects
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- economic viability of a region becomes dependent upon safe, available water (Name stage)
Stage 3) Popluation and the need for water grow
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- the distribution of water becomes expensive (Name stage)
Stage 3) Population and the need for water grow.
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What is the water-diamond paradox?
- Water is essential for life but not very expensive, and diamonds are not necessary for life, but are very expensive.
- The paradox is resolved when the ratio of water to diamonds is examined.
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In Mexico, farmers pay __ % of costs for irrigation water.
11
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In Indonesia, farmers pay __ % of costs for irrigation water.
13
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In Egypt, farmers pay __ % of costs for irrigation water.
0
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When the control and management of water resources, services and utilities are owned by a privately-owned company.
ex) Hamilton, ON
Private ownership
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Universal access and protection of public health.
Public ownership.
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Pros of privatization
- - full-cost pricing
- - economic equity (paying for what you use, rather than what you can afford)
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Pros of public ownership
- - subsidized pricing
- - social equity (if you cannot afford it, you will get it one way or another)
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Cons of privatization
- - job cuts
- - aim is to maximize profits (arguably negative)
- - cutting corners
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Cons of public ownership
- - low efficiency
- - poor cost recovery
- - lack money/expertise
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Organizations for privatization
World Bank, UN agencies
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Organizations against privatization
CUPE - have a vested interest in saving jobs
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Why are municipal water and wastewater systems failing Canadians?
- - they have few incentives to conserve
- - utilities have insufficient funds to improve their infrastructure
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________ people do not have access to safe drinking water.
1.1 billion people
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UN wants to reduce the number of people that do not have safe drinking water to _______ by 2015.
550 million
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In-house use of water is mostly through _______.
- the toilet, the bath/shower, the washing machine.
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Germany river that used pollution fees/credits.
Ruhr River - cost of pollution was high enough to develop a pollution abatement measure.
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Water suitable for human consumption.
Potable water.
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Treatment of wastewater to make it more usable for one or more applications.
Water reclamation.
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Water soiled by use in washing machines, tubs, showers and bathroom sinks.
Grey water.
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Reclamation of water from wastewater and returning it to the natural water cycle well upstream of the drinking water treatment plant.
Planned indirect potable reuse.
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Wastewater entering the natural water system which is eventually extracted for drinking water (there is generally no awareness that the natural system contains treated wastewater).
Unplanned indirect potable reuse.
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The effluent of a wastewater treatment plant is routed directly to the intake of a drinking water treatment plant.
Direct potable reuse.
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El Nino - Australia
- - wind blows off of Australia (instead of onto)
- - continuous dry winds, not crossing any water at all, leading to extreme drought conditions.
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Annual water use in Australia.
1.3 millon L/person (3rd highest)
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