-
Ach NT - receptor and ion
nicotinic receptor; Na/K ion
-
Glu and Asp NT - receptor and ion
- receptor: NMDA and non-NMDA (AMPA and kainate)
- ion: Ca2+ and Na+
-
GABA NT - receptor and ion
ion: Cl-receptor: A and C
-
-
Serotonin NT - receptor and ion
5-HT3 receptor and Na+ ion
-
cAMP/cGMP NT - receptor and ion
no receptor - Na/K ion
-
ATP NT - receptor adn ion
P2x receptor and Ca2+ ion
-
Ach NT and metabotropic receptors
muscarininc receptors (M1-M5) involving G-proteins
-
Epi/Norepi (catecholamines) and metabotropic receptor
- adrenergic receptors:
- alpha 1- Gq; alpha 2 - Gi or Go
- beta1, 2, 3 - Gs- cAMP
-
Serotonin and metabotropic receptor
16 subtypes - nt counting 5-HT3
-
Glu/Asp and metabotropic receptors
8 subtypes
-
GABA NT and metabotropic receptors
B-Gi receptor
-
function of digoxin
blocks Na/K pumps
-
distribution of volume
2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular (ECV = 3/4 interstitial and 1/4 plasma)
-
effective osmole for plasma compartment?
proteins (albumin)
-
Hematocrit
percent of total volume occupied by rbcs (usu ~40%)
-
indicator-dilution method - equation and requirements
- Volume = amt injected/ measured concentration (V=m/c)
- requires:
- 1. easily measured
- 2. well distributed/mixed
- 3. not metabolized/changed/altered
-
blood volume determination
BV = PV / (1-Hct)
-
effective osmoles for extracellular compartment
Na+ and inulin
-
measurement of interstitial compartment volume
ECV - PV = ISV
-
measurement of intracellular compartment (ICC)
Total volume - ECV = ICV
-
measurement of total body volume?
used radioactive water
-
electrochemical quilibriums for K+, Cl-, Na+, and Ca2+
- K+ -94mV
- Cl- -76mV
- Na+ 69mV
- Ca2+ 125 mV
-
Configuration of voltage-gated ion channels
4/6 (4 domains with 6 transmembrane segments each)
-
fast Na channel - configurations, transitions, effect
- closed (rest) config: closed activation gate
- open (activated) config: both activation and inactivation gates are open
- inactivated config: inactivation gate is closed
closed <--> open --> inactivated (usu at + mem pot) --> closed
--> cascade of multiple fNa channels opening (positive feedback) --> rapid membrane depolarization
-
TTX or STX toxicity - effect and source
TTX => pufferfish, STX => red tide
--> blocked fNa channels
-
CTX and BTX toxicity - source and effect
CTX => exotic fish, BTX => frogs
--> block inactivation states of fNa channels --> open channels --> depolarized cell
-
Extracellular calcium's effect on fNa channels
it blocks the channel
-
effects of 4-AP and 3,4-DAP - source
4-AP => bird poison
both 4-AP adn 3,4 DAP block the K+ channel --> no depolarization
-
L-type Ca2+ channels - threshold for opening, speed of closure, inhibitors?
- - threshold = -40mV
- - closes slowly
- - inhibited by dihydropyridine, often a target for drugs
-
T-type Ca2+ channels - threshold for opening, speed of closure
- - threshold = -70mV
- - close quickly
-
Neuronal voltage gated Ca2+ channels - location and toxin for each
- all are found in the pre-synaptic terminal
- N-type: blocked by omega-conotoxin (marine cone snail venom)
- P/Q-type: blocked by omega-agatoxin (funnel-web spider venom
- R-type: no known blocker
-
latrotoxin - source, effect
- => black widos spiders
- keeps the neuronal Ca2+ channels open
-
ligand-gated channel configuration
5/4 configuration (5 subunit assembly each with 4 transmembrane segments)
-
NMDA receptors - what opens it? functions?
- both voltage and ligand gated:
- - Glu adn Asp are ligands, Mg2+ is removed ~ -70mV --> opening of channel to allow Ca2+ entry
- important for pain transmission (blocked by PCP) and long-term potentiation/memory
-
Nernst Equation
Ex = (60mv/Z) log ([Xout]/[Xin])
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