-
raphe nuclei correspond to
serotogenic input in hippocampal formation
-
locus coeruleus corresponds to
noradrenergic input
-
ventral tegmental area corresponds to
dopaminergic input
-
medial septum corresponds to
acetylcholinergic input in hippocampal formation
-
case of AM
- semantic dementia- wernicke's aphasia
- speech lacks semantic content, misues objects
-
double dissociations in semantic and episodic memory that there is amnesia for anterograde and retrograde episodic memories, but a perserved.....
- semantic memory
- case of KC
-
memory hierarchy
remember when-
know that-
how to-
episodic/semantic/procedural
-
implicit learning is not necessary in the ______, memories can be made in cortical and subcortical areas including the _______
hippocampus/amygdala, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum
-
what is the dependent variable in the incomplete pictures test degraded drawings
level at which object is identified at first exposure level one hour later
-
what abilities are preserved in anterograde amnesia?
- implicit learning based on automatic activation
- classical conditioning
- repetition priming tasks (word fragment completeion, biased homophone spelling)
-
what are the deficits in anterograde amnesia?
forming explicit memories of all episodic memories and learning episodes
-
declarative/nondeclarative memory
- declarative: conscious recall explicit
- nondeclarative: implicit
-
case of N.A
- medial diencephalic amnesia
- medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus
- pure retrograde
- mammilary bodies
-
anterograde amnesia is a _____ problem, with ______ _______ damage. retrograde amnesia is a _____ problem, with _______ damage and neural degeneration in association areas
- consolidation, bilateral hippocampal
- retrieval, cortical/diencephalic
-
NMDA receptors require.....
simultaneous input from multiple presynaptic neurons at calcium channels normaly blocked by magnesium
-
synapses are strengthened by protein _____ at ____ receptors
-
KC had amnesia for....
personal experiences. he does well using semantic memory but cannot travel into past or future
-
cerebral ischemia is
- interruption of blood supply to brain
- in case of RB, had brain damage to pyrimidal cell layer
-
korkasoffs syndrome dispalys damage to the ______
mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus (medial diencephalic amnesia)
-
ephrins are
guidance molecules in signal gradience
-
two interesecting signal gradients in topographic gradient hypothesis
- anterior posterior
- medial lateral
-
synaptogenesis depends on presence of ______ which provide ______
astroccytes , cholesterol
-
neurotrophins
- life preserving chemicals, growth and survival, axon guidance molecules, synaptoenesis
- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR
-
fasciculation
tendency of developing axons to grow along path established by pioneer growth cones
-
neurual proliferation occurs mostly in the
ventricular zone
-
two organizer areas in neural tube
floor plate/roof plate
-
radian migration v. tangential miration
- radial- directly from ventricular zone to outer tube wall
- tangential- right angle to radial migration
-
two methods of migration?
- 1) somal transocation - extension grows
- 2) glia mediated- radial glia cells
-
neural crest deelops into
PNS
-
when radial glia cell axons synapse in MGN v. LGN,
auditory cortex organizes retinotopically
-
how does early music training change the brain
- expands auditory cortex area
- development of absolute pitch
- piano playing increases motor tract myelination
-
disruptive effects of early monocular deprivation on development of
ocular dominance columns in primary visula cortex
-
deep brain stimulation works on the
subthalamic nucleus
-
parkinson's is most severe in the
substantia nigra of basal ganglia
-
the protein huntingtin normally codes for
protcting neurons from apoptosis
-
recovery of function after damage most likely
- -young
- -small lesions
- -cognitive reserve
-
which chemicals reduce damage by blocking neurodegeneration
- apoptosis inhibitor protein
- nerve growht factor
- estrogens
-
why do PNS neurons regenerate but CNS do not?
environment of PNS- shwann cells- produce neurotrophic factors and cell adhesion molecules
CNS-oligodendroglia- myelinate CNS axons/block regeneration
-
collateral sprouting
axon degenerates, healthy axons synapse at vacatd sites
-
circadian clock is located in the
SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI IN HYPOTHALAMUS ABOVE OPTIC CHIASM via the RETINOHYPOTHALAMIC TRACTS
-
which receptors activate the retinohypothalamic tracts?
retinal ganglion cells
-
the peribrachial area of pons in the source of
acetylcholine in REM
-
narcolepsy: the activity in the _____ nucleus is released from ________
magnocellular/inhibition
-
the magnocellullar nucleus
- -reticular formation
- -controls muscle relaxation during REM sleep
- -active in narcolepsy attacks
-
orexin stimulates the ______ and effects _____
- basal forebrain/RAS
- acetylcholine
-
adenosine inhibits ______ ; more adenosine=more _____
hypocretin/orexin; VLPA anterior hypothalamus
-
benzodiazepines increase ______ and inhibit ______
GABA/RAS
-
trycyclics increase _____ and supress ______
norepinephrine, epinephrin, dopamine/REM sleep
-
kindling
- permanent produced by distrbuted stimulation of brain in rats
- progressive developement and intensification
-
alzheimers is more prevalent in the ___ lobe
medial temporal (includes amygdala, cognitive)- decline in acetylcholine
-
multiple trace v. standard consolidation
standard: hippocampus, etc. store memories during the period immediately after learning and then are transferred
multiple: structures store memories for as long as tehy exist
-
four neural structures w/memory
- 1) hippocampus: spatial memory
- 2) perirhinal cortex: object memory
- 3) mediodorsal nucleus: memory/kosakoffs
- 4) basal forebrain: alzheimers
- 5) inferotremporal cortex: sensory memory/visual patterns
- 6) amygdala: emotional events
- 7) prefrontal cortex- temporal order/working memory
- 8) cerebellum- motor tasks
- striatum-habits
-
calcium channels associated with NMDA
only allow calcium ions to enter if neuron is already depolarized when glutamate binds to it
-
calcium activates
protein kinases in cytoplasm, which blocks induction of LTP
-
autism
- basal ganglia abnormalities
- shortened brain stem
- shorter nuclei within hearing related nuclei
- brain stem and cerebellum develop earlier
|
|
