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Economic situation in US at the end of WWI
bad
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First red scare in the US. When & Why.
1919. Communist party formed in US. Bolshevik revolution in Russia caused Americans to fear similar result in US.
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Palmer Raids. Why & Result.
- Attorney Gen. Palmer's house blown by letter bomb.
- Federal agents raid offices of Union of Russian Workers in 12 cities.
- Send 249 anarchists & criminals back to Russia.
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Great Migration
Northward movement of blacks into cities for work.
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Why race riots. "Red summers". Where largest.
- Rumors of black men raping white women.
- 1919 summer of 25 race riots.
- Chicago? or Elaine, AR?
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Why KKK again in 1910's. Where start/grow.
- Immigration high. Anti blacks, catholics, jews, & immigrants.
- Atlanta to North & Mid-west.
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Emergency Immigration Act (1921)
restricted immigration to 3% of foreign-born of any nationality as shown in 1910 census
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National Origins Act (1924). Immigration drop.
2% of foreign-born of any nationality as shown in 1890 census. (85% N.&W. Europe) 150,000 ppl/yr.
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19th Amendment. When ratified.
Women get voting rights. August 18, 1920.
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"Flappers"
Scandalous women challenged traditional society. smoked, drank, danced, & dressed scandalously.
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Hoover's presidential platform.
End of US poverty
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Stock market problems in late 1920's
- Stock bought on credit.
- Prices artificially inflated.
- Stock seemed invincible.
- Companies not turning real profits.
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"Black Tuesday". When.
Stock market crash that revealed Depression. Market from 87 bil. to 55 bil. Oct. 1929.
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Problems with American Economy in 1920's
- Companies not turning profit, but stocks rising.
- Lack of industry diversity.
- Profits not going to workers.
- Cars & construction profitable, but limited.
- Ppl still investing in old industries that were going downhill.
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Unemployment % in 1930's
25%. 2 mil. men became hobos.
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"Dust Bowl". Where & When. Okies and Arkies.
Extreme drought. Mid-America (TX-ND). 1930-1940. OK&AR's who moved to Cali.
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Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
Board that bought unused crops. Many farmers wouldn't participate.
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Tariffs. Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930).
Tax on imported goods. Highest tariff in US history.
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Dawes Plan (1924). Chain reaction in Depression.
Lowered reparations for Germ. US loans Germ. money. Germ pays Brit & France. B&F invest in US businesses.
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"Bonus Army". How dealt with.
US Vets wanted bonuses early. Police cleared "army" and burned camp. 100 vets injured. 2 killed. Hoover looks insensitive to public.
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"Fireside Chats"
FDR's radio program to connect w/ public. Reached 12 mil. homes.
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Emergency Banking Act. When.
March 1933. Banks with bad credit must close or merge.
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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA, 1933). Flaws. Why & when ended.
1st New Deal. Payed farmers not to plant raising farm prices. Favored large farms. Removed by Supreme Court 1936.
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National Recovery Act (NRA, 1933) and National Recovery Administration? Flaws. Why & when ended.
1st New Deal. Est. minimum wage - "blanket code". Abolished child labor. Favored large businesses & codes contained loopholes. Removed by Supreme Court 1935.
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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA, 1933).
1st New Deal. Built dams - est. cheap electricity. Controlled flooding, planted trees, helped farmers.
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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC, 1933). Advantages & disadvantages1
1st New Deal. Gave urban men work upgrading rural areas (forests, reservoirs, parks). Required workers to send money home. Few camps for minorities.
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Dr. Francis E. Townsend. His plan.
New Deal critic. Retired doc. Pension plan. 60+ retirees get $200/mo., but have to spend in full.
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Father Charles E. Coughlin. Rise to fame. Want.
Detroit priest. Broadcast radio sermons were picked up by CBS - 40 mil. listeners. Wanted to remove New Deal.
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Huey P. Long. His program.
New Deal critic. Louisiana gov. & sen. "Share Our Wealth" prog. redistributed rich's money to poor.
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"Second New Deal"
more government involvement. relied less on private individuals or big businesses to write plans, ect.
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Social Security Act (1935). Established.
2nd new deal. gave $15/mo. for workless. Est. Pension Plan = workers put in $10-85/mo. and at age 65 started getting returns. (most died by this time)
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Works Progress Administration (WPA, 1935). Branches.
2nd new deal. renovated public bldgs, airports, roads, & bridges. Branches incl. Writers, Arts, Music, & Theatre Projects. Paid artists to write, paint public murals, ect. Sought slaves to tell stories for books.
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Chiang Kai-Shek threat to the Japanese.
He was trying to unite China & Manchuria (owned by Japs)
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Mukden Incident (1931).
Jap. bomb their own railroads in Manchuria & blame China. Japs renamed Man. & resigned from League of Nations.
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When Hitler comes to power. Consolidation of power.
1933. Reichstag fire - legislative bldg., Enabling Act - gave him extreme legislative power, outlawed all parties except Nazi.
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Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.
- 35 & 36 - arms embargo, travel on ships at own risk
- 37 - fighting countries must buy in cash & self carry
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Axis powers in WWI
Germany, Italy, & Japan
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Rape of Nanking (1937)
Jap 7 week rampage on Nanjing, China. To this day Japs still deny it.
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Panay attack
Japs. sink clearly-marked US "Panay" then apologize and claim it as an "accident", so US doesn't revolt.
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Chamberlain & Hitler meet in Munich. What appeasement.
To make a peace agreement. Hitler gets Sudetenland (In Czech Republic)
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When & why WWII begins.
September 1, 1939. Germany invaded Poland. Brit and France declare war on Germ.
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Battle of Britain.
German air raid on UK. Germ bombs important areas. Brit bombs French capitol, Berlin. Germ bombs London for 56 straight nights. Brit outnumbered 4-1...but takes down 2-1. Brit wins, but bankrupted.
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Lend-Lease.
Plan to eliminate cash aspect of buying weapons. President could lend arms to nations "vital to the defense of the US" if weapons were returned at end of fighting.
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Atlantic Charter.
FDR & Churchill's agreement to destroy Nazi Tyranny. Gave broad goals of the war.
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Tojo. Opinion of American character.
Japanese Prime Minister. US had weak will & was timid.
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Engineered attack on Pearl Harbor. Reluctancy.
Isoroku Yamamoto. Harvard grad & US ambassador. Knew US was powerful.
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Where US believed would be attacked December 1941
Philippines, Panama, California
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Pearl Harbor date.
December 7, 1941 - 7:55 AM
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Arizona attack
Jap. hit ammunition on board. 3 decks collapsed accordion style. 1000 men were trapped alive underwater till Christmas (17 days). Only 30 survived.
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