A&P II-Respiratory

• Gas exchange between the cells of the body & the atmosphere.
• -Involves breathing, gas exchange, gas utilization (cellular respiration)

• -Upper respiratory tract- outside the thorax
• -Lower respiratory tract- within the thorax

• A. Openings to the respiratory system. Guarded by hairs to block large foreign particles.
• B. divides nostrils

• -Hollow space behind the nose.
• -Is separated from the cranial cavity by ethmoid bone & hard palette

• -bony projections that divide the cavity into 3 passages:
• 1. Superior Meatus
• 2. Middle Meatus
• 3. Inferior Meatus

support mucous membranes & contain olfactory receptors.

support mucous membranes & is an air passage.

support mucous membranes & is an air passage

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium with a high concentration of goblet cells & blood vessels.

• 1. Mucous moistens & traps airborne particles
• 2. Blood vessels warm air
• 3. Cilia move foreign particles to digestive tract

air filled spaces within the skull with a mucous membrane that is continuous with the nasal cavity. Function to lighten the skull & resonate (voice)

air passage, speech

• 1. Houses vocal chords
• 2. Prevents entry of foregin objects into the trachea

• 1. Thyroid Cartilage- Adam's Apple, caused by male hormones.
• 2. Cricoid cartilage
• 3. Epiglottic cartilage- epiglottis- flap that closes during the swallowing to prevent entry of food/water into the trachea.
• 4. Arytenoid cartilage
• 5. Corniculae cartilages- site of muscle attachement
• 6.

• 1. False vocal cords- close larynx during swallowing.
• 2. True vocal cords- muscular folds in the mucous membrane that vibrate laterally when air is forced between them.

formed by shapin sound with muscles in pharynx, tongue & lips

related to tension of vocal chords

force of air across vocal chords

flexible tuve in fron of the esophagus that extends into the thorax where it splits into the right and left bronchi

1. C-shaped bands of hyaline cartilage separated by smooth muscle & connective tissue

2. Tracheal wall- ciliated mucous membrane with a high concentration of goblet cells.

branched air passages from the trachea to the alveoli

Right & Left into each lung

• b. ----
• c. segmental. Each supports a bronchopulmonary segment.
• d. segments to lobules
• e. branches from bronchioles (50-80/ lobule)

respiration begins here. this is the 1st branch where gas exchange happens. 2 or more from each terminal

2-10 from each respiratory bronchiole

thin-walled outpouchings of the alveolar ducts

respiration ends here. thin-walled air sacs open to the alveolar sacs.