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Titration
the controlled addition of a base (or acid) to an acid (or base)
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Titrant
solution that is added from the "buret"
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Equivalence Point
"stoichiometrically equivalent" amounts of reactants have reacted (balanced chemical reaction)
*One Theoretical Point on a titration curve and can be calculated.
*Exact center of the vertical part of a titration curve.
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Endpoint
signals that the equivalence point has been reached, usually by a sudden color change
The endpoint is an entire pH range.
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Indicator
a substance added to the titration to "indicate" the endpoint by a color change
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Strong Acid/Strong Base Titration (formula)
MaVa=MbVb
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Strong Acids
HCl, H2SO4, HBr, HI, HNO3, HClO4
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Stong Bases
LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2
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hydrolysis
the reaction of a weak acid or a weak base with water.
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midpoint
half of the volume necessary to reach the equivalence point.
pH= pKa at midpoint (with weak acids/bases only!)
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chemical kinetics
tells us how long a reaction will go
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reaction rate
how fast the products appear or reactants disappear (always +)
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instantaneous rate
the rate that exists at a particular time t (calculated as the slope of the tangent to the curve at time t)
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initial rate
the instantaneous rate at t=0 (calculated as the slope of the tangent to the curve at t=0)
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average rate
the average reaction rate that exists over a time period, change of t (calculated as the slope of the hypotenuse of the right triangles)
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