-
What are two examples of peptide transmitters?
Opioid peptides (endorphin, enkephalin, dynorphin found in CNS+PNS) and cholecystokinin
-
Both type a and b glycin receptors are what type of ion channel?
ligated gated Cl-
-
What are the 2 types of glycine receptors?
alpha and beta
-
Where can you find glycine?
brain stem, spinal cord and retina
-
Besides GABA, what are the other binding sites on GABA_A for?
EtoH, barbiuates, benzodiazepines, and neurosteroid.
-
Why is GABA_A receptor inhibitor? Specifically, what ion gives it this characteristic?
It's a GABA-gated Cl- channel, which allows Cl- ion in causing hyperpolarization.
-
True or false. GABA_A has multiple binding sites
True
-
List the two general types of GABA receptors. Which one modulates 95% of the GABA drugs.
GABA_A + GABA_B. Type A= 95% of drug modulation.
-
What is GABA derived from and what enzyme is required to make GABA
glutamate and GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase)
-
What are the 2 major inhibitor neurotransmitters in the CNS?
Glycine and GABA
-
Besides glutamate, what other ligand can open AMPA?
Zinc.
-
How do you open AMPA?
By populating 1 binding site with Glutamate.
-
Which one of the other two major glutamate receptors can be helpful in removing Mg plug and why?
AMPA, because of it'sclose proximity to NMDA.
-
How do you remove the Mg plug of the NMDA receptor?
A slight membrane depolarization of the cell membrane.
-
What ligand is requierd to bound to one NMDA binding site?
Glycine. W/o this, NMDA will NOT open.
-
Under what conditions does the NMDA receptor open?
2 binding sites are occupied + removal of Mg plug
-
The 3 main classes of glutamate receptor?
NMDA, AMPA, Kainate Receptors
-
Location of the glutamate transporters
neurons and non-neuronal glial cells
-
What can an excess amount of glutamate lead to?
Excitotoxity of neurons
-
List some functions of glutamate
learning, memory, reward systems, pain, vision
-
What is the most predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS?
Glutamate
-
List the AA NTs
GABA, glutamate, and glycine
-
List the Amine transmitters.
AcH, the catecholamines, and 5-HT
-
What are the 3 categories of Neutrotransmitters?
Amine, Amino Acid and Peptide
-
What is the main mechanism of terminating synaptic tarnsmission of 5HT?
Reuptake into pre-syn terminal
-
What enzymes can break down 5-HT?
MAO
-
What functions of the CNS and PNS is 5-HT involved in?
mood, perception and cognition
-
List two locations that serotonin is synthesized in and which one is the main location?
Mainly in the Raphe Nuclus of Pons and also in the peripheral organs (GIT)
-
What is serotonin also known as?
5-HT (hydroxytryptamine)
-
What molecule is Serotonin classified as?
Indolamine, b/c no catechol group and NOT synthesized from tyrosine.
-
True or false. Serotonin is a catecholamine
False
-
Serotonin is synthesized from what amino acid?
Tryptophan
-
List the two families of receptors for Nore/Epi?
Alpha (a1, a2) and Beta (1-3)
-
True of false. Nore and Epi are NOT deactivated by COMT and MAO
False.
-
What other location is Nore/Epi synthesized?
Peripheral organs such as adrenal gland
-
Norephinephrine is mostly synthesized where?
The locus ceoruleus nucleus of the Pons.
-
Locations of D2-like receptors and which GCPR are they coupled to?
Pre and Postsynaptic receptors. They are coupled to G_s
-
Where are D1-like receptors located and what type of GCPR are they coupled to?
Post-syn. G_i
-
Name the two families of dopamine receptors
- D1-like (D1 and D5)
- D2-like (D2, D3, and D4)
-
True or False. COMT and MAO can break down dopamine
True
-
Dopamine is involved in what functions in the CNS and PNS?
modulation of motor activity, reward and other behaviors
-
Which two areas is dopamine mainly made in?
Ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra. Also acruate nucleus of hypothalamus.
-
What enzyme is required to make Epi from Nore?
PNMT (phentolamine N-methyltransferase)
-
What enzyme is required to make Nore?
DBH (dopamine beta hydroxylase)
-
What is made after L-Dopa?
Dopamine
-
What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines?
The conversion of tyrosine to L-Dopa via TH (tyrosine hydroxylase)
-
Name two enzymes that break down Catecholamines. Where are they located?
MAO (presyn terminal) and COMT (synapse)
-
Name 3 major catecholamines
Dopamine, Nore, and Epi
-
Catecholamines are neurotransmitters that are derived from ______ and possess what group?
Tyrosine. Catechol group (ring w/ two OH)
-
Nicotinic receptors are ___ channel receptors
ligand gated Ion
-
What are the two broad categories of nicotinic receptors?
Muscle and neuronal
-
True or false. Muscarinic receptors are GPCR
True
-
Which Muscarinic receptors activate and which inhibit?
M_odds activate and M_evens inhibit
-
What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic and Nicotinic
-
Name two cholinesterases and their locations
Acetyl (synapse) and Butyryl (blood and liver)
-
What breaks down AcH?
Cholinesterases
-
What 2 molecules do you need to synthesize AcH?
Choline and Acetyl Coenzyme A
-
Which nervous system is AcH involved in?
Parasympathetic
|
|
