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What are the 5 levels of living matter, in order?
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
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Breakdown of organic matter, usually with release of energy
Catabolism
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Buildup of organic matter, usually requiring energy
Anabolism
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Name the two types of Metabolism
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What does the dorsal body cavity house?
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What does the ventral body cavity house?
- Thoracic (Lungs and Mediastinum) Cavity
- Abdominopelvic (Heart, Aorta, Vena Cava, and soft tissues) Cavity
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What separtes the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities?
Diaphragm
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The Abdominopelvic Cavity is subdivided into these two cavities?
- Abdominal (Peritoneal Cavity - Stomach, Spleen, Liver, Large & Small Intestines, etc) [Retroperitoneal Cavity contains both Kidneys]
- Pelvic (Bladder, Femal reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, tubes)
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This lines the outside of the Lung, it is not the part of the respiratory system
Pleura
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How may layers does the pleural membrane have?
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This covers the abdominal organs
Peritoneum
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Define Parietal
Outer Layer
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Define Visceral
Inner Layer
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What is another word for Pleural Effusion?
Edema
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Made from simple sugars, sometimes referred to as polysaccharides or starches
Carbohydrates
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Includes steriods, waxes, and fats. Triglycerides
Lipids
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Made from Amino Acids. There are a total of 20 amino acids in the human body. These are amino acids not made up by the body, but instead have to be obtained by consumption of meat. Amino Acids are made from nucleic acids (DNA)
Proteins
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What is the begining process of all Western Diseases?
Inflammation
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Has a biconcave shape
The only cell in the body without a nucleus
Performs gas exchange
Red Blood Cell (RBC)
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What are the 3 types of Muscles in the body?
- Skeletal (voluntary) striated
- Smooth (involuntary - autonomic nervous system control) deep to body
- Cardiac (looks like skeletal, acts like smooth)
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What is the function of the Paranasal Sinus?
- 1. Warms the inhaled air
- 2. Humidify / Moisten the inhaled air
- 3. Filter
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Cartilaginous structure connecting the pharynx and trachea at the level of cervical vertebrae. It is composed of connective tissue containing 9 pieces of cartilage shaped like a box.
Larynx
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The largest cartilage of the larynx; it is visible and palpable above the hyoid bone anteriorly
Thyroid Cartilage (Adam's Apple)
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Shaped like a signet ring, connects the larynx and trachea
Cricoid Cartilage
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Leaf-shaped lid at the entrance to the larynx. It closes and covers the larynx when food is being swallowed from the pharynx to the esophagus.
Epiglottis
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What is another term for Chemical Pneumonia
Aspiration
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When food and water accidentally goes into the airway. What is that called?
Aspiration
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The sac between the visceral and parietal pleura which is generally lined with fluid
Pleural Space
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Air entering pleural space is called?
Pneumothorax
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When air is introduced into the pleural space (during chest trauma from motor vehicle accident (MVA), or puncture of thoracic cavity as with an acupuncutre needle), a pleural cavity is created and the lung collapses (partially or totally)
Pneumothorax
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Water entering the pleural space is called?
Pleural Effusion (edema)
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Contractions occur in a set of respiratory muscles between the ribs, called external intercostals muscles.
Inspiration
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The external intercostals and diaphragm relax
Breathing Out
Exhalation
Expiration
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The measuring of breath
Spirometry
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What monitors CO2 levels of the blood?
Respiratory Control Center (RCC)
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How long can one hold his breath?
Until CO2 gets to critical levels
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Where does O2 and CO2 perform gas exchange?
- Alveoli
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Is breathing entirely voluntary or involuntary?
Both
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What is hyperactive in Hyperactive Airway Disease?
Bronchial Smooth Muscle
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How much of a role (in percent) does the diaphragm play in respiration? External Intercostals?
- Diaphragm 90%
- External Intercostals 10%
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What are the most common Respiratory Conditions (Hyperactive Airway Disease)?
- Asthma - the inability to exhale (bronchospasm) (occurs during childhood --> early adulthood)
- Chronic Bronchitis - inpairment of mucocilliary escalator - persistant cough, esp. in smokers (occurs during age >= 40-50 years)
- COPD - Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - lose the abiltiy of elastic recoil (occurs during age>= 60 years)
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A 5 year old child playing outdoors for hours and develops sudden wheezing. What does this person have?
Asthma
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A 60 year old smoker with shortness of breath and periodic wheezing. What does this person have?
COPD
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A 45 year old with smokers cough. What does the person have?
Chronic Bronchitis
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What are the causes of bronchospasms?
Environmental Pollution (i.e. Dust Mites, Pollen, Animal products(dander, feces, saliva, urine), cigarette smoke(including second-hand smoke)
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What is the difference between COPD and Emphysema?
- COPD - Diagnosed clinically
- Emphysema - Diagnosed by Biopsy
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What are the 3 steps of the process of a Nephron?
- Filtration - non-selective process
- General Reabsorption
- Tubular Secretion (10% of the total process)
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A collecting duct
Secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
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This hormone acts primarily on the distal tubules of a nephron
Aldosterone
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Which two hormones work on the distal tubules of nephrons?
- Aldosterone
- ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)
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What is the function of the Kidney?
- Urine Production
- Produce Erythropoietin (tells bone marrow to produce RBC's)
- Activates vitamin D (which increases intestinal absorption of Ca2+)
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What ions are eliminated in urine?
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What are the principle solutes in normal urine?
- Urea
- K+ (potassium)
- H+ (acids)
- Urobilinogen (from bile)
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An analysis of the volume and physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine
Urinalysis
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This is responsible for the pigment of urine and feces
Bilirubin
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What are common conditions (bad things) that can be found in a urinalysis?
- Diabetes - ketones/glucose not well controlled
- Gall Stones - elevated bilirubin
- Kidney Disease - leaking Albumins (proteins); moderate: urinating Albumins
- UTI - WBC & RBC
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What are four physiological ways we lose body fluid?
- Urination
- Sweating
- Breathing
- Defecation
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Movement of water from Low to High solute /osmole concentration
Osmosis
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What is the factor that keeps fluid inside the blood vessel?
Plasma Osmotic Pressure
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What is the most common extracellular ion?
Sodium
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What are some of the common causes of edema?
- Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) - Blood clot (unilateral edema)
- Enlarging Cancer Mass (unilateral)
- Congestive Heart Failure (pump failure) - systematic problem (bilateral)
- Protein Calorie Malnutrition (anywhere)
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Which hormones are NOT under pituitary control?
- Calcitonin
- PTH
- Insulin
- Glucagon
- Aldosterone
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Which hormone is antagonistic to insulin?
Glucogon
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Insulin and Glucogon regulate what?
Blood Glucose Levels
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When is the blood glucose levels the highest?
After a Meal (postprandial)
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What is the function of insulin? How does it lower the blood glucose?
Insulin is the carrier protein (faciliated diffusion). Takes the glucose molecule and drive it into the Liver cell.
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When is glucogon released?
In periods of fasting or when blood glucose levels are low. Breaks down glycogen (glycogenesis)
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What is calcitonin involved with?
Bone mineralization by stimulating osteoblasts; drive calcium ions into bone. Also lowers blood calcium levels.
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What is PTH involved with?
Bone demineralization by stimulating osteoclasts to release calcium ions into blood to increase calcium levels in the blood
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A 45 year old female who complains of low energy levels, facial swelling, weight gain, despite poor appetite. No neck masses where found on examination, blood TSH is elevated and T4 level is low. What does this person have?
- Hypothyroidism
- (Why? age related thyroid conditions, lack of neck mass, myxedema)
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A 21 year old complaining of increased thirst and appetite with frequent urination. What does this person have?
Type 1 Diabetes
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What are the 3 P's of Diabetes?
- Polyuria - excessive urination
- Polydipsia - excessive thirst
- Polyphagia - excessive appetite
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A 45 year old complaining of fatigue, facial swelling, weight gain, poor appetite. Noted with lump in the neck area.
a. Grave's Disease
b. Primary Hypothyroidism
c. Goiter
d. Pituitary Adenoma
- Grave's Disease (key words: antibody attack thyroid, tender mass)
- Primary Hypothyroidism (key words: no anterior neck mass)
- Goiter (key words: not enough iodine leads to anterior neck mass)
- Pituitary Adenoma (key words: over production of TSH leads Hyperthyroidism, excessive weight loss despite over eating, headache, bilateral breast enlargement)
Answer: Goiter
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A 35 year old male with coarse facial features and rough skin. What does he have?
Acromegaly
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A 26 year old female with bilateral nipple discharge with swollen breasts. What does she have?
Prolactinoma
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A 23 year old female with swollen anterior neck lump. What does she have?
Goiter
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A 45 year old patient with COPD, hard to control, usually requiring steroids. What does this person have?
Cushing's Syndrome
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A 45 year old with a lump on one side of the neck (small nodules) and elevated calcium levels. What does this person have?
Parathyroid Adenoma
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A 64 year old with general weakness, weight gain, decreased appetite and facial edema. What condition does this person have?
Hypothyroidism
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Which hormone is NOT under pituitary control?
a. Growth Hormone
b. Cortisol
c. TSH
d. Aldosterone
Aldosterone (under renin-angiotenson system)
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What is the hormone and bone cell pair for bone demineralization?
- PTH (Parathyroid Hormone)
- Osteoclasts
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What is the mechanism for type 2 Diabetes?
Insulin receptor insensitivity
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What is the function of LH and FSH in males?
- LH - produce testosterone
- FSH - produce sperm
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What are negative or adverse effects of testosterone in elderly males?
- Male pattern baldness
- Prostate enlargement (possibly cancer)
- High LDL cholesterol (increase chance of heart disease)
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Why do they call it an Inguinal Hernia?
Small Intestine herniates through Inguinal Canal
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The 4 rules of female reproductive system? Length? First day? Average length? Day of Mid-cycle?
- Length of cycle is 28 day
- First day of cycle is menses
- Average length of period 3-5 days
- Mid-cycle is considered 14 days
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What hormone is involved in endometiral growth?
Estrogen
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Which hormone is responsible for ovulation?
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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What hormone is elevated after ovulation?
Progesterone
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What hormone is involved in ovarian follicle development?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Which pituitary hormone is involved with labor or pregnancy?
Oxytocin
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A 32 year old with heavy periods with clots. What does this person have?
Hemorrhagia
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A 16 year old no menses or no cycle. What does this person have?
Primary Amenorrhea
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A 28 year old with a lot of intestinal pain related to her cycle. What does this person have?
Endometriosis
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A 47 year old with benign uterine growth and a lot of pelvic pain. What does this person have?
Fibroids
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A 24 year old female, divorced, has two children, takes birth control pills, has irregular mentrual cycle. Last menstrual period was 15 weeks ago. Urine pregnancy test is negative. What does this person have?
Secondary Amenorrhea
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What is the name of the hormone to test for positive pregnancy?
hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin)
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Which structure produces progesterone after first trimester?
Placenta
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What is an autoimmune disease?
- The inability to differentiate self (normal body tissue) from non-self (exogenous pathogen)
- Immune system attacking body tissue
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What components make up the Sensory pathway of Peripheral Nervous System?
- 5 sense organs
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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What components make up the Motor pathway of Peripheral Nervous System?
31 pairs of Spinal Nerves
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What components make up the Peripheral Nervous System?
- Somatosensosry System - consists of 5 sense organs, 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
- Autonomic Nervous System - consists of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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What components make up the Central Nervous System?
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The Sympathetic Nervous System belongs to which part of Nervous System (Central or Peripheral)?
Peripheral
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The Cervical Nerve Roots belong to which part of the Nervous System (Central or Peripheral)?
Peripheral
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The Dura Mater belongs to which part of the Nervous System (Central or Peripheral)?
Central
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The Trigeminal Nerve belongs to which part of the Nervous System (Central or Peripheral)?
Peripheral
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What common procedure is important diagnostically/theraputically?
Spinal Tap (aka Lumbar Puncture)
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What space is violated / entered by the needle during a Lumbar Puncture?
Sub Arachnoid Space
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Which Cranial Nerves are responsible for Eye movement?
CN 3, 4, 6 (Oculamotor)
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Which Cranial Nerves pertain to the Face?
- CN 5 - Trigeminal (Sensory)
- CN 7 - Facial (Motor)
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If we have unilateral facial / cheek / jaw pain, what is condition called?
- Trigeminal Neuralgia (CN 5 problem)
- Bell's Palsy (CN 7 problem)
- CVA (wind stroke) (CN 7 problem)
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Which Cranial Nerves are responsible for sensory of taste in the back of the tongue?
CN 9 - Glossopharyngeal (Sensory)
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Which Cranial Nerves are responsible for parasympathetic activity in the body?
CN 10 - Vagus
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Which nerve in involved in neck movement?
CN 11 - Spinal Accessory Nerve
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Someone with a stroke / CVA displays lateral tongue deviation. Which CN is affected?
CN 12 Hypoglossal (Motor)
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In the Cervical Plexus (C1 - C4 nerve roots), there is a condition called "C3, 4, 5 keeps the diaphargm alive". Which nerve is impaired?
Phrenic Nerve
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The Brachial Plexus (C5 - T1 nerve roots) forms 3 common problems: Wrist Drop, Claw Hand, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. Please identify which nerve is affected for each condition.
- Wrist Drop - Radial Nerve
- Claw Hand - Ulnar Nerve
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Median Nerve
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Which nerve is affected in the condition of Sciatica (Unilateral shooting pain down the leg)?
Common Peroneal division of Sciatic Nerve (prolonged sensory issue will lead to motor problems i.e. Foot Drop)
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Increased Heart Rate. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
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Sweating. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
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Pupil Dilation. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Sympathetic
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Good Appetite. Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?
Parasympathetic
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What is the difference between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic?
- Sympathetic "Fight or Flight"
- Parasympathetic "Rest and Digest"
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What are the 3 physiological functions of the eye?
- Accomodation of vision (focusing)
- Regulating the amount of light entering the eye
- EOM (Extra Ocular Movement, CN 3, 4, 6 (Motor))
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In Multiple Sclerosis (MS) what anatomical structure are the antibodies attacking?
Myelin Sheath
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Is damage to nerve cells 100% reversible?
No
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Which plexus in involved with "Foot Drop"?
Sacral Plexus
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Which nerve roots makeup the Brachial Plexus?
C5-T1
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Which structure in involved in Accommodation of Vision?
Lens
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What is the name of the condition associated with Increased Intraocular Pressure?
Glaucoma
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What is the name of the condition associated with Loss of Central Vision?
Cataracts
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What is the name of the condition associated with Focus or Near-Vision?
Myopia
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What is the name of the condition associated with Diabetics routine eye exam?
Retinopathy
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3 year old child with deviation of eye. What condition is this?
Strabismus
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What 3 physiological components are found in the Media of the Ear?
- 3 Ossicles - converts sound to electrical impulses (Incus (Anvil), Stapes (Stirrup), Malleus (Hammer)
- Eustachian Tube (Equalizes Airway Pressure)
- Ear Drum (Tympanic Membrane, easy for age: 5 months to 5 years to get infection)
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Is tinnitus and / or vertigo an Outer, Middle, or Inner Ear problem?
Inner Ear
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What is this disease called when both tinnitus and vertigo occur at the same time?
Meniere's Disease (both hearing and balance deficit)
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What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
- Active - injection / vaccine
- Passive - breast feeding
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What is the name of the cell type that is responsible for anitbody production?
Plasma Cell
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What cell is affected by HIV?
T4 / Thelper / CD4
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[ADD IMMUNE SYSTEM STUFF HERE]
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