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What clas of protein would be in horns?
Structural
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What kinds of bonds occur in the primary structure of a protein?
peptide bonds
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What are the partial charges of the H in N-H and the O in C=O that permits hydrogen bonds to form?
peptide bonds
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How do the hydrogen bonds differ in a beta-pleated sheet from the alpha helix?
In a a-helix, there are many hydrogen bonds along the polypeptide, it has the helical shape of a coiled telephone cord. In a b-pleated sheet, polypeptide chains are held together side by side by hydrogen bonds between the peptide chains.
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What are some of the amino acids in collagen that form hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide chains?
glycine, proline, and alanine
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Would hydrophilic amino acids be found on the outside or inside of the myoglobin structure?
Outside
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Why does hair have a large amount of cysteine amino acids?
In hair, 3 alpha helices coil together like a braid to form a fibril. Within the fibril, the alpha helices are held together by disulfide (s-s) linkages between the R groups of the many cysteine amino acids in hair. Several fibrils bind together to from a strand of hair.
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What is the difference between a tertiary structure and a quarternay structure?
A tertiary structure is a single protein folded into a 3D shape, but a quaternary sturcture is 2 or more proteins combined to form a biologically active protein
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What is the difference between a primary structure and a tertiary structure?
A primary structure is a sequence of amino acids, but a tertiary structure is a protein folded into a 3D shape stablilized by interactions between R groups of amino acids
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What are some ways in which proteins are denatured?
heat, acids and bases, organic compounds, heavy metal ions, and agitation
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Define: Acidic amino acid
An amino acid that has an R group with a carboxylate (-COO-) ion.
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What is a secondary level of protein of protein structure, in which hydrogen bonds connect the N-H of one peptide bond with the C=O of a peptide bond farther down the chain to form a coiled or corkscrew structure?
Alpha helix
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Define: Alpha keratins
Fibrous proteins containing mostly alpha helices found in hair, nails, and skin
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What are the building blocks of proteins, consisting of an ammonium group, a carboxylate group, and a unique R group attached to the alpha carbon?
amino acids
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Define: Basic amino acid
An amino acid that contains an R group with an ammonium (-NH3+) ion
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What are a secondary level of protein structure that consists of hydrogen bonds between peptide links in parallel polypeptide chains?
Beta-pleated sheet
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Define: C Terminal
The end amino acid in a peptide chain with a free carboxylate (-COO-) group
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What are the most abundent form of protein in the body, which is composed of fibrils of triple helices with hydrogen bonding between -OH groups of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine?
collagen
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Define: Denaturation
The loss of secondary and tertiary protein structure caused by heat, acids, bases, organic compounds, heavy metals, and/or agitation.
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What are covalent S-S bonds that form between the -SH groups of two cysteines in a protein to stablize the tertiary structure?
disulfide bonds
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Define: Electrophoresis
The use of electrical current to separte proteins or other charged molecules with different isoelectric points
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What are amino acids that must be supplied by the diet because they are not synthesized by the body?
Essential amino acids
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Define: Fibrous proteins
Proteins that are insoluble in water; consisting of polypeptide chains with alpha helices or beta-pleated sheets, and comprising the fibers fo hair, wool, skin, nails, and silk
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What are proteins that acquire a compact shcape from attractions between the R groups of the amino acids in the protein?
Globular proteins
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Define: Hydrogen bonds
the interactions between water and the polar R groups such as -OH, -NH2, and -COOH on the outside surface of a polypeptide chain
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What are the attractions between polar R groups on the protein surface and water?
Hydrophilic interactions
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Define: Hydrophobic interactions
The attractions between nonpolar R groups on the inside of a globular protein
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Define: Isoelectic point (pI)
The pH at which an amino acid exists as a zwitterion with a net charge of zero
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What is the end amino acid in a peptide with a free -NH3+ group?
N terminal
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Define: Nonpolar amino acids
Amino acids with nonpolar R groups containing only C and H atoms
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Define: Peptide
the combination of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds; dipeptide, tripeptide, and so on.
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What are the amide bonds in peptides that joins the carboxylate group of one amino acid with the ammonium group in the next amino acid?
peptide bond
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Define: Polar amino acids (neutral)
Amino acis with polar R groups
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What is the specific sequence of the amino acids in a protein called?
Primary structure
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Define: Protein
polypeptides containing many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds that are biologically active
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What is a protein structure in which two or more protein subunits form an active protein?
Quarternary structure
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Define: Salt bridge
the attraction between the inoized R groups of basic and acidic amino acids in the tertiary structure of a protein
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What is the formation of an alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, or triple helix?
secondary structure
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Define: Tertiary structure
The folding of the secondary structure of a protein into a compact structure that is stablized by the interactios of R groups such as ionic and disulfide bonds
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What is the protein structure found in collagen consisting of three polypeptide chains woven together like a braid?
Triple helix
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Define: Zwitterion
The dipolar form of an amino acid consisting of two oppositely charged ionic regions, -NH3+ and -COO-
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