Mammalian Endocrinology

The study of glands of internal secretion and their role in the chemical integration, communication, and control of basic physiological process of the body in order to maintain homeostasis.

1st to be interested in integration of chemical substances

Interested in castration; observed behavior and attitude changes.

English physician. studied circulatory system; especially the heart.

Transfered teste tissue into a hen-> observed she became more like a male.

Figured out the testes produce something

Studied birds. Discovered 2 concepts: parts of body release specific materials into the blood; they are conveyed via blood to other parts of body.

milleu interior: (deals with the blood and circulation) the balance affects how we feel.

Addison's disease: first endocrine disorder clinically defined.

French prof/physician: At age 72 lost libido-> injected himself with dog testes extract (placebo effect)

studied diabetes. discovered the removal of the pancreas changed the urine and the blood.

Discovered extracting glycerol from thyroid gland helped people with hypothyroid.

epinephrin studies

Discovered that an increase in the concentration of iodine in the thyroid helped people with goiters.

digestion hormones. coined the term hormones.

studied what cells produce hormones in the testes (latig cell)

Studied Calcium metabolism (parathyroid gland)

coined the term endocrinology

studied treatment of diabetes incipidus (fluid volume)

isolated porsine thyroxine

tried to synthesize thyroxine

isolated estrogen on folicles from ovaries in rats. then injected into ginea pigs and controlled their menstrual cycles.

growth hormone studies

extracted estrogen from 9-10 tons of pig ovaries (only got about 4 mg)

oxtytocin experiments during labor

insulin and dieabetes melitus (stole pancreases from dogs)

relaxin (opens birth canal)

developed first pregnancy test (inject rabbit. ovulation means human is pregnant)

coined homeostasis

progesterone

pipoffosectomy (romoved pituitary gland). determined it was the master endocrine glad of the body (or so they thought)

structure of oxytocin

synthesized insulin

asessed what insulin does. RAA (radio amino assay)

first to successfully sinthesize insulin

thyroid releasing hormone (TRH). discovered the hypothalamus.

studied protein hormones at a cellular level

Structure of Cholesterol

one double bond in steroid

two double bonds in steroid

three double bonds in steroids

hydroxyl (OH) on steroid

hydroxyl (OH) on steroid

ketone on steroid (=O)

18 Carbons

19 carbons on steroid

21 carbons on steroid

transported by blood

diffuses to adjacent cells

hormone secreting cell and target receptor cell are the same

anchored to cell surface to act on adjacent cells only (very localized)

secreted by axon and transported across synapse to adjacent receptor

leaves body to find a target cell on another animal's body

constant release; not significantly influenced by feedback signals

pulsatile episodes of release

frequency ~1/hr

frequency >1/hr but<24 hr

frequency ~every 24 hr

every day at defined periods of the day

monthly

seasonal or yearly

Endocrine-distrupting chemicals (ex. detergents, pesticides, steroids, etc.)

plasma or extracts injected into an animal and biological response measured (lack presision, sensitivity, inconvenient.)