chestradiologyflash.csv

  1. Patients with Sjogren syndrome are at increased risk for developing what diffuse lung diseases
    Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Non-Hodgkin pulmonary lymphoma.
  2. Ankylosing spondylitis lung involvement
    "Young to middle-aged man with spine changes (kyphosis
  3. These histologic terms provide the most precise method of classifying the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias
    UIP. Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP). COP. Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD). DIP. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).
  4. Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
    Most common of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Most cases are sporadic. 30% of cases associated with collagen vascular or immunologic disorder. Findings: Irregular septal or subpleural thickening. Intralobular lines. Honeycombing. Traction bronchiectasis. Typically most severe in peripheral and basal lungs.
  5. Acute Interstitial Pneumonia
    "Diffuse ground-glass opacity and consolidation with air bronchograms. Linear opacities
  6. "Conditions associated with BOOP
    organizing pneumonia. "
  7. Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia
    Idiopathic form of organizing pneumonia. Most common finding: Patchy consolidation or ground-glass opacity with subpleural or peribronchial distribution. Scattered nodular opacities may be present.
  8. Respiratory Bronchiolitis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
    "Typically young
  9. Desquamative Interstitial Pneumonia
    95% are cigarette smokers. Cannot be radiologically distinguished from UIP. Bibasilar reticular opacities. Normal or midly decreased lung volumes. May have ground-glass opacities. Honeycombing is rare.
  10. Neurofibromatosis ILD
    Generally asymmetric upper lung bullae. Generally symmetric lower lung interstitial fibrosis.
  11. Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) ILD
    Indistinguishable from LAM. Symmetric bilateral reticular or reticulonodular opacities. Scattered lung cysts. Normal to increased lung volumes. Pneumothorax is common
  12. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
    Exclusively in women. Lung cysts separated by interlacing bundles of smooth muscle. May obstruct lymphatics causing chylothorax. Poor prognosis.
  13. Alveolar Septal Amyloidosis
    Simulates silicosis or lung sarcoidosis. Upper lung reticulonodular opacities.
  14. Chronic Aspiration Pneumonia
    Irregular reticular interstitial opacities.
  15. 3 major pneumoconioses
    Asbestosis. Silicosis. CWP.
  16. Asbestosis
    Pleura: Parietal pleural plaques. Pleural effusion. Localized visceral pleural fibrosis. Diffuse pleural fibrosis. Mesothelioma. Lung parenchyma: Interlobular septal thickening. Interstitial fibrosis (asbestosis). Rounded atelectasis. Bronchogenic carcinoma. Lower lung predominance.
  17. Silicosis
    "Mining
  18. Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis
    Predominantly upper lung reticulonodular or small nodular opacities.
  19. Rare Pneumoconioses
    "Berylliosis. Aluminum. Hard metal (cobalt
  20. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
    "Inhaled antigenic organic dusts: Farmer's lung (moldy hay). Humidifier lung (thermophilic bacteria). Bird-fancier's lung (avian proteins). Acute and chronic forms. Chronic disease findings: Interlobular and intralobular interstitial thickening. Honeycombing
  21. Lung Sarcoidosis staging
    0 Normal chest radiograph. 1 Bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement. 2 Bilateral hilar lymph node enlargement and parenchymal disease 3. Parenchymal disease only. 4 Pulmonary fibrosis.
  22. Sarcoidosis ILD
    "Common findings: Symmetric hilar adenopathy allows distinction from malignancy and TB. Symmetric mid and upper lung reticulonodular opacities. Perilymphatic interstitial nodules
  23. Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis of Lung
    Very high association with cigarette smoking. Mid and upper lung centrilobular small nodules. In late stages may develop cysts or bullae. Risk of pneumothorax. Nodule-cyst evolution: Nodule to Cavitated nodule to Thick-walled cyst to Thin-walled cyst.
  24. Wegener Granulomatosis
    Necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis involving upper and lower respiratory tracts and kidneys. Discrete nodules or masses with central necrosis and cavitation. May mimic Goodpasture syndrome and idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage. Tracheal or bronchial lesions may be present. c-ANCA positive.
  25. Chronic Eosinophilic Pneumonia
    "Symptoms and radiographic abnormalities last longer than 1 month. Predilection for women. Responds to corticosteroid therapy
  26. Hypereosinophilic syndrome
    Male predominance. Blood eosinophilia. Cardiomegaly. Pulmonary edema. Pleural effusions. Pulmonary parenchymal infiltration with eosinophils may produce interstitial or airspace opacities.
  27. Eosinophilic Lung Disease Associated With Autoimmune Diseases
    Wegener granulomatosis. Sarcoidosis. Rheumatoid lung disease. Polyarteritis nodosa. Allergic angiitis and granulomatosis.
  28. Eosinophilic Lung Disease of Identifiable Etiology
    "Drugs (Nitrofurantoin and Penicillins). Parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides
  29. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
    "Lipoproteinaceous material deposits within alveoli. Predilection for males in their 20s to 40s. Bilateral symmetric perihilar airspace opacification. Crazy paving CT finding: Geographic ground-glass opacities with thickened interlobular and intralobular septa. Prone to superinfection with Nocardia
  30. Alveolar microlithiasis
    Deposition of minute calculi within alveolar spaces. Confluent bilateral dense micronodular opacities. So-called black pleura sign. Apical bullous disease is common.
  31. Diffuse pulmonary ossification
    Formation of bone within lung parenchyma. Associations: Mitral stenosis. UIP. Amyloidosis.
  32. Tracheocele
    Paratracheal air cysts. True diverticula. Occur at weakened posterior membrane of cervical trachea.
  33. Tracheal bronchus
    Bronchus suis. Accessory bronchus to all or a portion of right upper lobe. Arises from right lateral tracheal wall within 2 cm of tracheal carina. Associated with congenital tracheal stenosis and aberrant left pulmonary artery.
  34. Primary neoplasms of trachea
    Malignant: Squamous cell carcinoma. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (cylindroma). Benign: Chondroma.�Fibroma.�Squamous cell papilloma.�Hemangioma.
  35. Tracheal Narrowing
    Saber-sheath trachea. Amyloidosis. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica. Relapsing polychondritis. Wegener granulomatosis. Tracheal scleroma.
  36. Tracheal dilation
    Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome). Tracheomalacia. Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
  37. Saber-sheath trachea
    Coronal diameter is less than two thirds of sagittal diameter. Affects older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
  38. Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica
    Multiple submucosal osseous and cartilaginous deposits within trachea and central bronchi of elderly men. Spares membranous posterior wall of trachea.
  39. Relapsing polychondritis
    "Systemic autoimmune disorder. Affects cartilage of earlobes
  40. Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome)
    Congenital. Associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Men under age 50. Trachea and central bronchi measure greater than 3.0 cm and 2.5 cm.
  41. Tracheobronchomalacia
    "Diffuse tracheal and central bronchial dilation. Congenital or acquired (COPD
  42. Fallen lung sign
    Subtended lung remains collapsed against lateral chest wall. Secondary to bronchial injury. Responds poorly to chest tube evacuation.
  43. Broncholithiasis
    Calcified material within bronchus. Usually from eroding calcified lymph nodes (Histoplasmosis or TB).
  44. Asthma
    "Transient bronchial narrowing. Peribronchial cuffing and tram tracking. Air trapping: Hyperinflation
  45. Chronic bronchitis
    Excess production of sputum on most days for at least 3 months in 2 consecutive years. 50% have normal chest radiographs. Some patients show peribronchial cuffing or tram tracks.
  46. Bronchiectasis
    Permanent dilation of bronchi. Cylindric bronchiectasis: mild diffuse dilation. Varicose bronchiectasis: cystic dilation interrupted by focal areas of narrowing. Cystic bronchiectasis: localized saccular dilation. Caused by chronic inflammation with cartilage damage and dilation. Localized bronchiectasis is most commonly a result of prior TB. Generalized bronchiectasis is seen in cystic fibrosis. Central bronchiectasis: Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Cystic fibrosis. Bronchial atresia. Acquired central bronchial obstruction.
  47. Cystic fibrosis
    "Production of abnormally thick
  48. Dysmotile cilia syndrome
    May result in Rhinitis. Sinusitis. Bronchiectasis. Dysmotile spermatozoa and sterility. Situs inversus. Dextrocardia.
  49. Kartagener syndrome triad
    Sinusitis. Situs inversus.. Bronchiectasis.
  50. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
    "Hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus. Asthma
  51. Emphysema
    Permanent enlargement of airspaces distal to terminal bronchiole. Destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.
  52. Centrilobular emphysema
    Airspace distention in central portion of lobule. Spares distal portions of the lobule. Upper lobe predominance. Associated with cigarette smoking.
  53. Panlobular emphysema
    Distention of airspaces throughout lobule. Destruction of central respiratory bronchioles and peripheral alveolar sacs and alveoli. Predilection of lower lobes. Associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
  54. Paraseptal emphysema
    Distention of peripheral airspaces adjacent to interlobular septa. Spares centrilobular region. Generally involves subpleural regions of upper lobes.
  55. Paracicatricial or irregular emphysema
    Lung destruction associated with fibrosis. No consistent relationship to a given portion of the lobule. Commonly associated with old granulomatous inflammation.
  56. Emphysema findings
    Diffuse hyperlucency (panlobular). Flattening and depression of hemidiaphragms. Increased retrosternal airspace (panlobular > centrilobular). Bulla. Enlarged central pulmonary arteries. Right heart enlargement (centrilobular). Loss of pulmonary capillary bed.
  57. Arterial deficiency emphysema versus increased markings emphysema.
    Arterial deficiency: Predominantly panlobular emphysema. Hyperinflated lungs with peripheral vascular attenuation and bullae. Pink Puffers. Increased markings: Increased linear parenchymal markings. Small airways thickening of chronic bronchitis. Bullae uncommon. Blue Bloaters.
  58. Bulla defined
    Thin-walled cystic space > 1 cm in diameter. Found within lung parenchyma.
  59. "Bullae may be seen in diseases that cause chronic upper lobe fibrosis
    such as"
  60. Primary bullous disease
    Isolated bullae without intervening emphysema or interstitial lung disease. Associated with: Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndromes. Intravenous drug use. HIV infection. Vanishing lung syndrome.
  61. CT findings and associations of infectious bronchiolitis
    Tree-in-bud opacities. Generally due to infection: Viral. Atypical. Mycobacterial.
  62. CT findings of diffuse panbronchiolitis
    Tree-in-bud opacities. Bronchial dilation and thickening.
  63. CT findings and associations of Respiratory bronchiolitis�associated interstitial lung disease
    Centrilobular and geographic ground-glass opacities. Cigarette smoking.
  64. CT findings and associations of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (subacute)
    Centrilobular ground-glass nodules. Air trapping on expiratory scans. Inhaled organic antigen.
  65. CT findings and associations of Follicular bronchiolitis
    Centrilobular ground-glass nodules. Rheumatoid arthritis. Sj�gren syndrome.
  66. CT findings and associations of Constrictive bronchiolitis
    Mosaic attenuation with air trapping on expiratory scans. Bronchial dilation (late). Transplant patients. Drug reactions. Inhalation injury.
  67. Transudative pleural effusion lab values
    Pleural/serum protein ratio less than 0.5. Pleural/serum LDH ratio less than 0.6. Pleural LDH less than 200 IU/L.
  68. Infectious causes of pleural effusion?
    Bacterial/mycobacterial. Viral. Fungal. Parasitic.
  69. Cardiovascular causes of pleural effusion?
    Heart failure. Pericarditis. Superior vena cava obstruction. Postcardiac surgery. Myocardial infarction. Pulmonary embolism.
  70. Neoplastic causes of pleural effusion?
    Bronchogenic carcinoma. Metastases. Lymphoma. Pleural or chest wall neoplasms (mesothelioma).
  71. Immunologic causes of pleural effusion?
    Systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis. Sarcoidosis (rare). Wegener granulomatosis.
  72. Inhalational cause of pleural effusion?
    Asbestosis.
  73. Trauma causes of pleural effusion?
    Blunt or penetrating chest trauma.
  74. Abdominal disease causes of pleural effusion?
    Cirrhosis (hepatic hydrothorax). Pancreatitis. Subphrenic abscess. Acute pyelonephritis. Ascites (from any cause). Splenic vein thrombosis.
  75. Miscellaneous causes of pleural effusion?
    Drugs. Myxedema. Ovarian tumor.
  76. Pleural effusion from congestive heart failure features
    "Transudative. Bilateral
  77. Findings on CT that are fairly specific for the presence of an exudative pleural effusion
    Thickening and enhancement of parietal pleura. Loculations. Soft tissue lesions along parietal pleura outlined by pleural fluid.
  78. "Tumors most commonly associated with pleural effusion are
    in order of frequency
  79. Lung abscess versus empyema?
    Empyema: Oval. Oriented longitudinally. Thin. Smooth (split pleura sign). Obtuse chest wall angle. Compresses lung. Requires drainage. Abscess: Round. Thick and irregular wall. Acute chest wall angle. Consumes lung. Antibiotics and postural drainage to treat.
  80. Most common intrathoracic manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis
    Pleural effusion.
  81. Most common causes of chylothorax are
    Malignancy. Iatrogenic trauma. TB
  82. Left chylothorax versus right chylothorax?
    Left chylothorax: Injury to upper duct. Right chylothorax: Injury to lower duct.
  83. Bronchopleural Fistula
    "Communication between lung and pleural space. If bronchus involved
  84. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax
    "Often occurs in young or middle-aged men. Predilection of taller individuals. Results from bleb or bulla rupture
  85. Secondary Spontaneous Pneumothorax
    "COPD. Asthma. Valsalva (cocaine
  86. Catamenial pneumothorax
    Rare recurrent pneumothoraces. Occurs with menses. Pleural endometrial implants. Treated with OCPs.
  87. Most common cause of tension pneumothorax
    Iatragenic trauma in mechanically ventilated patients.
  88. Causes of pleural thickening
    Pneumonia. Pulmonary infarct. Trauma. Asbestos exposure (bilateral).
  89. Causes of pleural calcification
    "Visceral pleura:�Hemothorax
  90. Causes of pleural/extrapleural masses
    Benign:�Fibroma.�Lipoma.�Neurofibroma.�Malignant:�Metastases (usually multiple).��Mesothelioma (usually diffuse pleural thickening). Other: Loculated pleural effusion/empyema. Hematoma.
  91. Fluid within calcified pleural layers seen on CT suggests
    Active empyema. Most commonly within patients with prior TB.
  92. Fibrothorax
    "Pleural thickening extending over more than one fourth of the costal pleural surface. Commonly results from resolution of an exudative pleural effusion (including asbestos-related effusions)
  93. Malignant pleural disease is most often caused by one of four conditions:
    "Metastatic adenocarcinoma (lung
  94. Benign and malignant Asbestos-Related Pleural Diseases
    Benign: Pleural plaques. Pleural effusions. Diffuse pleural fibrosis. Malignant: Mesothelioma.
  95. "When viewed en face
    calcified pleural plaques appear as"
  96. Poland syndrome
    Autosomal recessive disorder. Unilateral absence of sternocostal head of pectoralis major. Ipsilateral syndactyly. Rib anomalies.
  97. Most common benign neoplasm of chest wall
    Lipoma
  98. Most common malignant soft tissue neoplasms of the chest wall in adults.
    Fibrosarcomas. Liposarcomas.
  99. A rare malignant neoplasm arising from the chest wall of children and young adults
    Askin tumor. Arises from primitive neuroectodermal rests. Very aggressive with a poor prognosis.
  100. Benign chest wall lesions
    Abscess. Hematoma. Lipoma. Hemangioma. Desmoid tumor.
  101. Inferior rib notching causes
    Coarctation of aorta. Aortic thrombus. Takayasu arteritis. SVC syndrome. Neurofibromatosis.
  102. Suprior rib notching cause
    Paralysis.
  103. "Benign rib neoplasms
    most common first"
  104. Most common primary rib malignancy
    Chondrosarcoma.
  105. Rib malignancies
    Most common: Myeloma. Metastatic carcinoma. Primary malignancies: Chondrosarcoma. Osteogenic sarcoma. Fibrosarcoma.
  106. Most common metastatic lesions to ribs
    Breast cancer. Lung cancer.
  107. Expansile lytic rib metastases are seen most commonly from
    Renal cell carcinoma. Thyroid carcinoma.
  108. Sclerotic rib metastases are most commonly seen in
    Breast cancer. Prostate cancer.
  109. Pleuropulmonary infections that may traverse the pleural space and produce a chest wall infection include
    TB. Actinomycosis. Nocardiosis.
  110. Sprengel deformity
    Congenital hypoplastic and elevated scapula.
  111. Klippel-Feil syndrome.
    "Sprengel deformity (hypoplastic
  112. Erosion of the distal clavicles
    Rheumatoid arthritis: Well-defined pointed distal clavicle. Hyperparathyroidism: Irregular and wide distal clavicle.
  113. H-shaped or Lincoln log vertebrae on lateral chest radiographs
    Sickle cell anemia.
  114. Rugger jersey appearance to thoracic spine on lateral chest radiographs
    Renal osteosclerosis.
  115. "Pectus excavatum is commonly associated with congenital connective tissue disorders
    such as"
  116. Pectus carinatum
    Outward bowing of sternum. May be congenital or acquired.
  117. Eventration of the diaphragm
    Congenital absence or underdevelopment of diaphragmatic musculature. Localized elevation of anteromedial hemidiaphragm in older individuals.
  118. Unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis is usually caused by
    Surgical injury or neoplastic involvement of phrenic nerve.
  119. Bilateral Diaphragmatic Elevation that is not effort related may be caused by
    Neuromuscular disturbance. Intrathoracic or intra-abdominal disease.
  120. Bochdalek Hernia
    "Herniation through embryonic pleuroperitoneal canal. Neonates present with large hernias with lung hypoplasia and respiratory distress. Adults present with small hernias
  121. Morgagni Hernia
    Parasternal diaphragm defect. Invariably right sided. Asymptomatic cardiophrenic angle mass.
  122. Primary diaphragmatic tumors
    Benign: Lipomas. Fibromas. Schwannomas. Neurofibromas. Leiomyomas. Echinococcal cysts and extralobar sequestrations may be found within the diaphragm. Metastatic invasion more common than primary malignancy (Fibrosarcoma): Lower lobe bronchogenic carcinoma. Mesothelioma.
  123. Cystic adenomatoid malformation
    "Usually seen in infancy. One or several large cysts lined with respiratory epithelium with scattered mucous glands
  124. Bronchial atresia presentation
    "Central bronchial mucocele with peripheral hyperlucency in a young
  125. Intralobar and extralobar sequestration blood supply and drainage
    "Intralobar sequestration: Single large artery from infradiaphragmatic aorta. Pulmonary vein drainage. Extralobar sequestration: Small branches systemic arteries and occasionally pulmonary arteries. Systemic venous drainage (inferior vena cava
  126. Hypogenetic lung-scimitar syndrome
    Variant of hypoplastic lung with abnormal venous drainage to the IVC just above or below right hemidiaphragm. Small right hemithorax with diaphragmatic elevation or eventration. Dextroposition of heart. Herniation of left lung anteriorly into right hemithorax.
  127. Three radiographic patterns of aspiration pneumonitis
    Extensive bilateral airspace opacification. Diffuse but discrete airspace nodular opacities. Irregular parenchymal opacities that are not obviously airspace.
  128. Exogenous lipoid pneumonia
    Older patients with swallowing disorders or gastroesophageal reflux. Use mineral oil as a laxative or inhale oily nose drops. Fat density opacity.
  129. Drug that cause drug induced chest diseases
    "Lupus-like syndrome (procainamide
  130. A confident diagnosis of hamartoma can be made when HRCT shows
    Nodule less than 2.5 cm with a smooth or lobulated border and containing focal fat. May have popcorn calcification.
  131. Benign neoplasm arising from neural elements in the central airways or lung parenchyma. The skin is the most common site for these tumors.
    Granular cell myoblastoma.
  132. Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma features
    "Most common type of lung cancer (nonsmokers
  133. Bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (BAC)
    Grows along bronchiolar and alveolar walls (lepidic growth). May appear as: Solitary nodule. Focal ground-glass opacity. May mimic pneumonia or bilateral nodular airpsace processes.
  134. Squamous cell carcinoma features
    Arises centrally within lobar or segmental bronchi. Central necrosis with cavitation may be seen. Generally presents as hilar mass and atelectasis.
  135. Small cell carcinoma features
    Arises centrally within main or lobar bronchi from bronchial neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells. Hematogenous dissemination. Hilar/mediastinal mass.
  136. Large cell bronchogenic carcinoma radiographic feature
    Large peripheral mass.
  137. "In addition to cigarette smoke
    well-recognized risk factors for the development of bronchogenic carcinoma include"
  138. Most common radiographic findings from endobronchial tumor obstruction.
    Resorptive atelectasis. Obstructive pneumonitis.
  139. "Majority of pancoast tumors
    histology type"
  140. Pancoast tumor symptoms
    "Arm pain and muscular atrophy due to brachial plexus involvement. Horner syndrome (ptosis
  141. CT angiogram sign and BAC
    Filling of airspaces with mucoid material produced by malignant cells creates low-density airspace opacification surrounding enhanced pulmonary arteries.
  142. Typical radiologic findings of lymphangitic carcinomatosis
    Linear and reticulonodular opacities. Peribronchial cuffing. Subpleural edema or pleural effusion.
  143. Helps distinguish lymphangitic carcinomatosis due to lung cancer from other metastases
    Unilateral or asymmetric involvement of lungs suggests lung cancer rather than an extrapulmonary site.
  144. Two patient groups of small cell lung cancer
    Disease limited to one hemithorax (limited disease). Contralateral lung or extrathoracic spread (extensive disease).
  145. Two most common primary tracheal malignancies
    SCC > Adenoid cystic carcinoma
  146. Tracheal mass size and malignancy
    Masses > 2 cm are likely to be malignant. Less than 2 cm are more likely benign.
  147. "Other
    less common primary tracheal malignancies"
  148. Primary malignant neoplasms of the central bronchi include
    "Squamous cell carcinoma. Small cell carcinoma. Carcinoid tumor. Bronchial gland tumors (adenoid cystic carcinoma
  149. Carcinoid radiologic features
    Prefers right upper and middle lobes. Well-defined smooth or lobulated nodules or masses. Iceberg tumor: small intrabronchial and large extraluminal soft tissue component.
  150. A benign neoplasm comprised of disorganized epithelial and mesenchymal elements normally found in the bronchus or lung.
    Pulmonary hamartoma.
  151. "A feature that helps distinguish lymphangitic carcinomatosis from interstitial fibrosis
    "
  152. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
    Infiltration of pulmonary interstitium by mature lymphocytes. CT findings: Diffuse ground-glass opacity. Poorly defined centrilobular nodules. Thin-walled cysts. Associations: Sjogren syndrome. Hypogammaglobulinemia. Multicentric Castleman disease. AIDS.
  153. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)
    Spectrum of entities. Ranging from benign polyclonal lymphoid proliferation to aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  154. Pulmonary blastoma
    Rare malignant tumor affecting children and young adults. Histology simulates fetal lung at 10 to 16 weeks� gestation. Tend to be extremely large at presentation.
  155. Lobar pneumonia features
    Typical of pneumococcal pulmonary infection. Inflammatory process spreads via pores of Kohn and canals of Lambert to produce nonsegmental consolidation. Air bronchograms are common.
  156. Bronchopneumonia features
    Most common pattern of pneumonia. Typical of staphylococcal pneumonia. Inflammation centered around lobular bronchi. Multifocal opacities produce patchwork quilt of scattered normal and diseased lobules. No air bronchograms due to exudate within bronchi.
  157. Interstitial pneumonia features
    Viral and mycoplasma infection. Inflammatory thickening of bronchial and bronchiolar walls and pulmonary interstitium. Peribronchial cuffing and reticulonodular opacities.
  158. Pneumatoceles may be distinguished from abscesses by
    Thin walls. Rapid change in size. Generally develop during late phase of infection.
  159. Ranke complex
    Calcified parenchymal focus (Ghon lesion) and lymph nodel calcification. Primary TB.
  160. Postprimary TB
    Reactivation occurs in apical and posterior segments of upper lobes and superior segments of lower lobes. Ill-defined patchy and nodular opacities. Cavitation usually indicates active and transmissible disease.
  161. Rasmussen aneurysm
    Erosion of cavitary focus into pulmonary artery branch can produce an aneurysm.
  162. Miliary TB
    May complicate primary or reactivation disease. Hematogenous dissemination. Diffuse bilateral 2- to 3-mm pulmonary nodules.
  163. Opportunistic fungal lung pathogens
    Aspergillus. Candida. Cryptococcus.
  164. Aspergillus lung involvement
    Aspergilloma or mycetoma within preexisting cavities. Semi-invasive (chronic necrotizing) aspergillosis in mildly impaired immunity. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenia. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in hyperimmunity.
  165. Pulmonary echinococcal cysts are composed of three layers:
    "Inside out: Endocyst
  166. CT halo sign
    "Decreased attenuation surrounding a dense
  167. Most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection.
    PCP
  168. Interlobular (Septal) Lines
    "Thin
  169. Interlobular (septal) lines DDx:
    Interstitial edema. � Lymphangitic carcinomatosis. � Sarcoidosis. � Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (other forms of usual interstitial pneumonia UIP).
  170. Intralobular lines ILD DDx
    IPF (UIP). Asbestosis. Alveolar proteinosis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
  171. Thickened fissures ILD DDx
    Pulmonary edema. � Sarcoidosis. � Lymphangitic carcinomatosis.
  172. Peribronchovascular interstitial thickening
    Pulmonary edema (smooth). � Sarcoidosis (nodular). � Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (smooth or nodular).
  173. Centrilobular nodules ILD DDx
    Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.� Bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP)/cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP).� Respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease (RB-ILD).
  174. Subpleural lines ILD DDx
    Asbestosis. � IPF (UIP).
  175. Parenchymal bands ILD DDx
    Asbestosis. � IPF (UIP). � Sarcoidosis.
  176. Honeycombing
    IPF (UIP). � Asbestosis.� Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (chronic).� Sarcoidosis.
  177. Thin-walled cysts ILD DDx
    Eosinophilic granuloma (EG). Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.� Tuberous sclerosis.� Neurofibromatosis (pneumatocele). (emphysema).
  178. "Micronodules
    random distribution ILD DDx"
  179. "Micronodules
    perilymphatic distribution ILD DDx"
  180. Ground-glass opacities ILD DDx
    Desquamative interstitial pneumonia.� Acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP).� Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. BOOP/COP.� RB-ILD.� Hemorrhage.� Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia.� Cytomegalovirus pneumonia.� Alveolar proteinosis.
  181. Traction bronchiectasis ILD DDx
    Sarcoidosis. � Silicosis/CWP.
  182. Conglomerate mass ILD DDx
    Sarcoidosis.� Silicosis.� CWP.� Radiation fibrosis.
  183. Subpleural Lines
    "5- to 10-cm-long curvilinear opacities are found within 1 cm of the pleura and parallel the chest wall. Most often seen in patients with asbestosis and
  184. Parenchymal bands
    "Nontapering linear opacities
  185. Honeycombing
    Small (6 to 10 mm) cystic spaces with thick (1 to 3 mm) walls. usually have shared walls . Usually in posterior subpleural regions. End-stage pulmonary fibrosis: IPF (UIP). Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Occasionally sarcoidosis.
  186. Thin-walled cysts
    Slightly larger in diameter (10 mm) than honeycomb cysts. Uniform in size. Thinner walls. Do not share walls with adjacent cysts. Cysts of LCH and LAM are usually evenly distributed from central to peripheral portions of upper lobes
  187. Micronodules
    1- to 3-mm. Sharply marginated. Round opacities seen on HRCT. Represent conglomerates of granulomas or tumor cells within the interstitium.
  188. Ground-Glass or Hazy Increased Density
    Granular appearance with maintained visibility of pulmonary vessels. Absence of air bronchograms. Desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly P carinii) pneumonia. Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). Interstitial pulmonary edema.
  189. Traction bronchiectasis
    "Fibrosis causes traction on the walls of bronchi
  190. ILDs Upper zone distribution
    "Tuberculosis (postprimary). Chronic fungal infection (Histoplasmosis
  191. ILDs Lower zone distribution
    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.� Asbestosis.� Rheumatoid lung.� Scleroderma.� Neurofibromatosis.� Dermatomyositis/polymyositis.� Chronic aspiration.
  192. ILDs normal or increased lung volumes
    Sarcoidosis.� Eosinophilic granuloma.� Lymphangioleiomyomatosis.� Tuberous sclerosis.� Interstitial disease superimposed on emphysema.
  193. ILDs Honeycombing
    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.� Sarcoidosis.� Eosinophilic granuloma.� Rheumatoid lung.� Scleroderma.� Pneumoconiosis.� Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.� Chronic aspiration.� Radiation fibrosis.
  194. ILDs miliary nodules
    "Tuberculosis.� Fungi (Histoplasmosis
  195. Hilar/mediastinal lymph node enlargement
    Sarcoidosis.� Lymphangitic carcinomatosis.� Lymphoma.� Hematogenous metastases.� Tuberculosis. Fungal infection.� Silicosis.
  196. ILDs Pleural disease
    Asbestosis (plaques).� Lymphangitic carcinomatosis (effusion).� Rheumatoid lung disease (effusion/thickening).� Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (chylous effusion).
  197. Manifestations of Rheumatoid Lung Disease
    "Pleural effusion. Pleural thickening. Pericarditis. Pericardial effusion. Pulmonary fibrosis (basilar predominance). Necrobiotic nodules (peripheral cavitating nodules
  198. Caplan syndrome
    "Thick walled cavitating lung nodules. Rheumatoid arthritis patients with hypersensitivity to inhaled dust particles (coal
  199. Scleroderma ILD findings
    Interlobular septal thickening. Ground-glass opacities. Honeycombing. Lower lung predominance. Patulous esophagus.
  200. Interstitial pulmonary edema CXR findings?
    Intrapulmonary vascular shadows. Peribronchial cuffing. Tram tracking.
  201. Kerley A and B lines?
    Kerley A lines thickening of central connective tissue septa. Kerley B lines thickening of peripheral interlobular septa.
  202. Alveolar pulmonary edema localized to the right upper lung may be seen in patients with
    Severe mitral regurgitation.
  203. Causes of Pulmonary Venous Hypertension and Pulmonary Edema
    "LV failure. Mitral valve disease (Mitral stenosis
  204. Radiographic findings of pulmonary venous hypertension are
    Enlargement of pulmonary veins (progressive dilation of horizontally oriented pulmonary veins). Redistribution of pulmonary blood flow to upper lungs.
  205. ARDS
    Respiratory failure due to increased capillary permeability edema. Associated with increased lung stiffness (noncompliance).
  206. Common causes of ARDS
    Shock. Severe trauma. Burns. Sepsis. Narcotic overdose. Pancreatitis.
  207. ARDS radiographic findings
    Patchy peripheral airspace opacities (12-24 hrs). Confluent bilateral airspace opacities with air bronchograms (days). Coarse reticulonodular pattern (week) that may resolve.
  208. Causes of neurogenic pulmonary edema
    Head trauma. Seizure. Increased intracranial pressure.
  209. Hemorrhage or hemorrhagic edema of the lung can result from
    "Trauma. Bleeding diathesis. Infections (invasive aspergillosis
  210. Goodpasture syndrome
    Damage to alveolar and renal glomerular basement membranes by cytotoxic antibody.
  211. Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemorrhage
    Indistinguishable from Goodpasture syndrome. Pulmonary hemorrhage and anemia in patient with normal renal function and urinalysis. No antiglomerular basement membrane antibodies.
  212. Vasculitides that can cause pulmonary hemorrhage
    Wegener granulomatosis. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatoid arthritis. Polyarteritis nodosa.
  213. D-dimer
    "Sensitive
  214. Most common radiographic findings in PE without infarction are
    Localized peripheral oligemia with or without distended proximal vessels (Westermark sign). Peripheral airspace opacification. Linear atelectasis.
  215. Radiographic features that suggest infarction in PE
    Small pleural effusion and pleura-based wedge-shaped opacity (Hampton hump).
  216. Nonthrombotic pulmonary embolism causes
    Air embolism. Macroscopic fat embolism. Methylmethacrlate embolization from vertebroplasty. Radioactive seed embolization from prostate brachytherapy.
  217. PAH is defined as a systolic pressure in the pulmonary artery exceeding
    30 mm Hg.
  218. Typical radiographic findings of PAH are
    Enlarged main and hilar pulmonary arteries that taper rapidly toward lung periphery. RV enlargement.
  219. PAH measurements of proximal interlobar pulmonary artery (CXR) and main pulmonary artery (CT)
    Interlobar pulmonary artery > 16 mm. Main pulmonary artery > 28.6 mm.
  220. "In addition to PAH
    enlargement of the central pulmonary arteries may be seen in"
  221. Shunt vascularity on chest radiographs
    Enlargement of both central and peripheral pulmonary arteries.
  222. Disorders of the pulmonary arteries that produce PAH include
    Chronic PEs. Vasculitis. Pulmonary arteriopathy resulting from long-standing increased pulmonary blood flow from left-to-right shunt.
  223. Multiple pulmonary nodules of similar size and appearance are almost always
    Metastases. Granulomas.
  224. Pulmonary nodule is defined as
    Round or oval opacity 4 to 30 mm in diameter.
  225. Pulmonary mass is defined as
    Round opacity greater than 3 cm.
  226. "Differential in a patient under the age of 35
    particularly a nonsmoker without a history of malignancy
  227. An SPN in a patient over 35 years of age should never be followed radiographically without tissue confirmation unless the lesion contains
    Benign pattern of calcification. Presence of intralesional fat.
  228. Studies have shown that bronchogenic carcinoma has a doubling time of
    Between 1 month and 2 years.
  229. Presence of small satellite nodules around the periphery of a dominant pulmonary nodule is strongly suggestive of
    "Benign disease
  230. "Presence of a halo of ground-glass opacity encircling an SPN in an immunocompromised
    neutropenic patient should suggest the diagnosis of"
  231. "Comet tail of bronchi and vessels entering the hilar aspect of the mass
    and associated with lobar volume loss is characteristic of"
  232. Complete or central calcification within an SPN is specific for
    Healed granuloma from tuberculosis or histoplasmosis.
  233. Concentric or laminated calcification of an SPN
    Granuloma and allows confident exclusion of neoplasm.
  234. Popcorn calcification within a pulmonary nodule is diagnostic of
    Pulmonary hamartoma.
  235. Fat within an SPN is diagnostic of a
    Pulmonary hamartoma.
  236. Enhancement of malignant SPNs
    15 H.
  237. Most common thoracic inlet masses?
    Thyroid masses. Lymphomatous nodes. Lymphangiomas.
  238. Intrathoracic thyroid goiter CT findings?
    Well-defined margins. Continuity of mass with cervical thyroid. Coarse calcifications. Cystic or necrotic areas. Baseline high CT attenuation (intrinsic iodine content). Intense enhancement (>25 H).
  239. Lymphangioma?
    "Tumor of dilated lymphatic channels. Cystic or cavernous form (cystic hygroma) is commonly discovered in infancy and is often associated with : Turner syndrome and trisomies 13
  240. Anterior mediastinal masses?
    Thymic neoplasms. Lymphoma. Germ cell neoplasms. Primary mesenchymal tumors.
  241. Thymoma versus thymic carcinoma
    "Thymomas may be encapsulated (noninvasive) or invasive. Thymic carcinomas
  242. Thymoma-associated autoimmune diseases
    Myasthenia gravis. Pure red cell aplasia. Graves disease. Sjogren syndrome. Hypogammaglobulinemia.
  243. Thymic cysts
    "Congenital: Remnants of thymopharyngeal duct. Contain thin or gelatinous fluid. Acquired: Postinflammatory. Associations: AIDS
  244. Thymic masses
    Thymoma. Thymic cyst. Thymolipoma. Thymic hyperplasia. Thymic neuroendocrine tumors. Thymic carcinoma. Thymic lymphoma.
  245. Germ cell neoplasms
    Teratoma (benign and malignant). Seminoma. Embryonal cell carcinoma. Endodermal sinus tumor. Choriocarcinoma.
  246. Mesenchymal anterior mediastinal tumors
    Lipoma. Hemangioma. Leiomyoma. Liposarcoma. Angiosarcoma.
  247. _________ is the most frequent site of a localized nodal mass in patients with Hodgkin disease.
    Anterior mediastinum.
  248. A key in distinguishing primary from metastatic mediastinal germ cell neoplasm is the presence of
    Retroperitoneal lymph node involvement in metastatic gonadal tumors.
  249. Benign and malignant teratoma features on CT
    "Benign: round or oval and smooth in contour. Malignant: irregular
  250. Middle mediastinal masses
    Foregut and mesothelial cysts. Tracheal and central bronchial neoplasms. Diaphragmatic hernias. Vascular lesions.
  251. Differential for central calcification of mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes on CT?
    Mycobacteria. Fungus.
  252. Differential for peripheral (eggshell)l calcification of mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes on CT?
    Silicosis. Sarcoidosis.
  253. Differential for hypervascular mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes on CT?
    Carcinoid tumor/small cell carcinoma. Kaposi sarcoma. Metastases (RCC. Thyroid carcinoma). Castleman disease.
  254. Differential for necrotic mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes on CT?
    Mycobacteria. Fungus. Metastases (SCC. Seminoma. Lymphoma).
  255. Differences in lymph nodes of sarcoidosis and lymphoma/metastases?
    Sarcoidosis: Lobular lymph nodes that do not coalesce. Lymphoma/mets: May form conglomerate enlarged nodal masses.
  256. Castleman disease also known as
    Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia.
  257. Pericardial cysts most commonly arise in the
    Anterior cardiophrenic angles. Right-sided lesions being twice as common as left-sided lesions.
  258. Three groups of neurogenic tumors of the posterior mediastinum.
    Intercostal nerves: Neurofibroma. Schwannoma. Sympathetic ganglia: Ganglioneuroma. Ganglioneuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma. Paraganglionic cells: Chemodectoma. Pheochromocytoma.
  259. Most common posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumors in children
    Neuroblastoma. Ganglioneuroma.
  260. Most common posterior mediastinal neurogenic tumors in adults
    Neurofibroma. Schwannoma.
  261. "Multiple lesions in the mediastinum
    particularly bilateral apicoposterior masses
  262. Posterior mediastinal masses
    Esophageal lesions. Foregut cysts. Vertebral lesion. Lateral thoracic meningocele. Pancreatic pseudocyst.
  263. Causes of chronic sclerosing (fibrosing) mediastinitis
    Histoplasmosis (most common). TB. Radiation therapy. Drugs (methysergide). Idiopathic (autoimmune).
  264. SVC syndrome manifestations
    Headache. Epistaxis. Cyanosis. Jugular venous distention. Edema.
  265. Ludwig angina describes
    Substernal chest pain caused by intramediastinal extension of infection.
  266. Causes of unilateral pulmonary artery enlargement incluce
    Poststenotic dilation from valvular or postvalvular pulmonic stenosis. Pulmonary artery aneurysms. Distension of pulmonary artery by thrombus or tumor.
  267. Rare vasculitides that may present with pulmonary artery aneurysms
    Beh�et disease and Hughes-Stovins syndrome
  268. Sarcoidosis 1-2-3 sign
    1: Right paratracheal. 2. Right hilar. 3. Left hilar lymph node enlargement
  269. Coronary calcification is detected at angiography in ____% of patients with 50% diameter stenosis.
    75%
  270. A_____% diameter narrowing is the physiologic point at which flow is restricted enough to result in ischemia under stress conditions.
    50% diameter narrowing. Roughly predicts a 75% cross-sectional area reduction.
  271. Cardiac MR uses?
    Define location and size of previous myocardial infarctions. Demonstrate complications of previous infarctions. Establish presence of viable myocardium for possible revascularization. Differentiate acute versus chronic myocardial infarction. Evaluate regional myocardial wall motion and systolic wall thickening. Demonstrate global myocardial function with right ventricular and left ventricular ejection fractions. Demonstrate regional myocardial perfusion. Evaluate papillary muscle and valvular abnormalities.
  272. Myocardial rupture (may occur ______ days after infarction.
    3 to 14 days.
  273. Dressler syndrome
    "Onset is typically 1 week to 3 months postinjury. Fever
  274. Hibernating myocardium versus stunned myocardium?
    "Hibernating: High-grade stenosis resulting in chronically ischemic myocardium. May act like postinfarction scar. Improved function with revascularization. At risk for acute infarction. Stunned myocardium: Postischemic
  275. Causes of dilated cardiomyopathies
    "Ischemic cardiomyopathy (most common cause): Chronic ischemia. Prior infarction. Anomalous coronary arteries. Long-term sequelae of myocarditis: Coxsackie virus. Toxins: Ethanol
  276. Ventricular Wall. Ventricular Cavity. Contractility. Compliance features of dilated cardiomyopathy?
    LV thin. LV dilated. Decreased contractility. Normal to decreased compliance.
  277. Ventricular Wall. Ventricular Cavity. Contractility. Compliance features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
    LV thick. LV normal to decreased. Increased contractility. Decreased compliance.
  278. Ventricular Wall. Ventricular Cavity. Contractility. Compliance features of restrivice cardiomyopathy?
    Normal LV wall. Normal LV cavity. Normal to decreased contractility. Severely decreased compliance.
  279. Ventricular Wall. Ventricular Cavity. Contractility. Compliance features of Uhl anomaly?
    RV thin. RV dilated. Decreased contractility. Normal to decreased compliance.
  280. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathies are divided into two basic types:
    "Concentric hypertrophy: may be diffuse
  281. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy causes?
    May be familial (60%). Autosomal dominant with variable penetrance. Associated with neurofibromatosis and Noonan syndrome. Secondary to pressure overload.
  282. Features of ASH (asymmetric septal hypertrophy)?
    Hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (>12 to 13 mm). Abnormal ratio of thickness of interventricular septum to left ventricular posterior wall (>1.3:1). Narrowing of left ventricular outflow tract during systole.
  283. Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes
    Infiltrative disorders: Amyloid. Glycogen storage disease. Mucopolysaccharidosis. Hemochromatosis. Sarcoidosis. Myocardial tumor infiltration.
  284. What other disease should be ruled out when considering restrictive cardiomyopathy?
    Constrictive pericarditis.
  285. MR finding in restrictive cardiomyopathy caused by amyloidosis or sarcoidosis?
    high signal in the myocardium on T2WIs.
  286. Defined as right ventricular failure secondary to pulmonary parenchymal or pulmonary arterial disease.
    Cor pulmonale.
  287. Etiologies of cor pulmonale include
    "destructive pulmonary disease (pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting from chronic bronchitis
  288. Uhl anomaly
    Acquired disorder in infants or adults. Also called arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Dilation of RV with marked thinning of anterior right ventricular wall. MR may show fatty infiltration of anterior RV free wall. Premature death from early congestive failure or arrhythmias.
  289. Enlargement of pulmonary outflow tract causes
    Left-to-right shunts. Poststenotic dilation secondary to pulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary arterial hypertension. Marfan syndrome. Takayasu arteritis. Idiopathic dilation of pulmonary artery.
  290. Differential diagnosis for pulmonary arterial hypertension includes
    Long-standing pulmonary venous hypertension (mitral stenosis). Eisenmenger physiology (long-standing left-to-right shunts). Pulmonary emboli. Vasculitides (rheumatoid arthritis or polyarteritis nodosa). Primary pulmonary hypertension.
  291. Increased pulmonary blood flow is caused by
    Left-to-right shunts. High output states: Volume loading. Pregnancy. Peripheral shunt lesions (arteriovenous malformations). Hyperthyroidism. Anemia. Leukemia.
  292. Decreased pulmonary blood flow with a small heart is caused by
    Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hypovolemia. Malnourishment. Addison disease.
  293. Mitral stenosis in the adult is usually caused by
    Rheumatic heart disease.
  294. Causes of Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
    Left ventricular failure. Mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation. Aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation. Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. Congenital heart disease.
  295. "Left atrial enlargement
    left ventricular enlargement
  296. Cardiac thrombus features
    "Intra-atrial thrombi are usually associated with atrial fibrillation
  297. Intracardiac lipomas or lipomatous hypertrophy features
    High T1 signal and fat suppression. Second most common benign cardiac tumor.
  298. Atrial myxoma features
    50% of primary cardiac tumors. Most common primary benign cardiac tumor. Most (75% to 80%) are in LA. May mimic rheumatic valvular disease clinically.
  299. Benign cardiac tumors
    Atrial myxoma. Lipoma. Rhabdomyoma (50% to 85% of tuberous sclerosis). Fibromas (12% may calcify). Rare teratoma.
  300. Metastatic cardiac tumor features
    10 to 20 times more common than primary cardiac tumors. Breast. Lung. Melanoma. Lymphoma.
  301. Primary malignant cardiac tumors
    Angiosarcoma (most common). Rhabdosarcoma. Liposarcoma. Other sarcomas.
  302. Constrictive pericardial disease features
    Fibrous or calcific thickening of pericardium. Compromises ventricular filling through restriction of cardiac motion. Most common cause is postpericardiotomy. Other causes: Coxsackie B. Tuberculosis. Chronic renal failure. Rheumatoid arthritis. Neoplastic involvement. Radiation pericarditis.
  303. Differential diagnosis for a cardiophrenic angle mass includes
    Pericardial cyst. Fat pad. Lipoma. Enlarged lymph nodes. Diaphragmatic hernia. Ventricular aneurysm.
  304. Congenital absence of pericardium features
    "Complete left-sided absence (55%). Foraminal defects (35%). Total absence (10%). M > F. Complete absence: Heart is shifted toward the left
  305. Noninfectious causes of miliary pattern
    Pneumoconioises (silicosis). Eosinophilic granuloma. Sarcoidosis. Metastases (Thyroid. Melanoma.)
  306. "Minimal pleural effusion volume visible on frontal
    lateral
  307. "Which junction line
    anterior or posterior
  308. Define pulmonary cavity
    "Refers to a lucency located wtihin a nodule
  309. Order of the left lower lobe basilar segments (from lateral to medial) on a frontal radiograph
    "Anteromedial
  310. DDx of subcarinal mass on radiograph
    Lymph node enlargement. Bronchogenic cyst. Left atrial enlargement.
  311. Classic primary TB chest radiograph findings
    Parenchymal consolidation with mediastinal and hilar lymph node enlargement.
  312. Ranke complex
    Combination of calcified lung nodule and calcified lymph nodes.
  313. Ghon lesion
    Lung nodule that is a residum of primary TB. Usually is calcified.
  314. "At what pulmonary venous wedge pressures do Kerley lines
    effusions
  315. Complications of bronchiectasis
    Recurrent infections. Hemoptysis. Mucoid impaction. Atelectasis.
  316. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu disease)
    Telangiectasias. AVMs. Aneurysms in multiple organ systems (Pulmonary. GI. Cutaneous. CNS)
  317. Parenchymal findings associated with acute PE
    Wedge-shaped peripheral foci of consolidation. Linear bands.
  318. Focal areas of chronic consolidation may be seen in
    Lipoid pneumonia. Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Lymphoma.
  319. Diffuse chronic consolidation can be seen in
    Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma. Alveolar proteinosis. Sarcoid. Lipoid pneumonia.
  320. Kartagener's syndrome (dyskinetic cilia syndrome) triad
    Situs invertus. Bronchiectasis. Sinusitis.
  321. Wegener's granulomatosis lung findings
    Multiple lung nodules or masses. Cavitation occurs 50%. Local or diffuse consolidation due to hemorrhage.
  322. Help distinguish LCH from LAM
    LCH: Usually associated with nodules and variable appearing cysts. Spares costophrenic angles.
  323. PCP findings
    Extensive ground glass opacities in a patchy or geographic pattern. 1/3 have upper lobe predominant cysts of varying sizes and wall thicknesses
  324. "Bronchopleural fistula
    postpneumonectomy should be considered if"
  325. Superior sulcus tumor symptoms
    "Shoulder pain. Horner's syndrome (ptosis
  326. Deems a superior sulcus tumor unresectable
    "Any involvement of vertebral body
  327. Satellite nodules
    Smaller nodules adjacent to a lung mass. Suggests an infectious etiology.
  328. Mediastinal lipomatosis causes
    Cushing's syndrome. Steroid therapy. Obesity.
  329. Rounded atelectasis
    Form of peripheral lobar atelectasis that develops with pleural disease (commonly asbestosis). Volume loss. Comet tail (whorled bronchovascular structures).
  330. Diameter of ascending aorta aneurysm
    4 cm. 6 cm significant risk of rupture.
  331. Bulla versus bleb
    "Bulla
  332. Chest radiograph finding in healed varicella pneumonia
    Diffuse discrete pulmonary calcifications.
  333. Nodal status and stage in NSCLC
    "N0
  334. Causes of SVC syndrome
    Neoplastic: Lung cancer (especially small cell carcinoma). Lymphoma. Metastatic carcinoma. Benign: Long-term IV devices (catheters. pacemakers). Fibrosing mediastinitis (Histoplasmosis).
  335. Neoplastic and nonneoplastic causes of hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy
    90% Malignant lung neoplasms. Nonneoplastic: Cystic fibrosis. IPF. Localized fibrous lesions of the pleura
  336. Epicardial fat pad sign
    Double lucency sign. Displacement (>4 mm) of anterior and posterior (epicardial) pericardial fat by pericardial fluid.
  337. What obvious structures should be avoided while planning a TTNB (transthoracic needle biopsy)
    Interlobar fissures. Pulmonary vessels. Bullae. Areas of severe emphysema.
  338. Peripheral consolidation (photographic negative of pulmonary edema)
    Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia.
  339. Sloughed lung within a cavity
    Pulmonary gangrene. Closely associated with Klebsiella.
  340. Mosaic lung attenuation causes
    Small airways disease. Chronic pulmonary embolism.
  341. Distinguishes small airways disease of chronic PE in setting of mosaic attenuation
    Expiratory images demonstrate air-trapping in small airways disease.
  342. Congenital tracheobronchomegaly
    Mounier-Kuhn syndrome.
  343. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis radiographic findings
    Central bronchiectasis. Mucous plugging (finger-in-glove). Atelectasis. Patchy migratory foci of consolidation.
  344. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis susceptible infections
    Nocardia. Aspergillus. Mucormycetes.
  345. Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura enhancement pattern
    Intense and homogeneous contrast enhancement.
  346. Calcified fine lung nodules differential
    Healed varicella. Healed histoplasmosis. Silicosis. Calcified metastases.
  347. CT findings of Swyer-James syndrome
    Areas of decreased lung attenuation with associated reducting in number and size of vessels. Bronchiectasis. Air trapping on expiratory images.
  348. Cardiac bronchus
    "Blind-ending diverticulum arising from medial wall of bronchus intermedius. Rarely presents with recurrent infections
  349. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia CT findings
    "Patchy bilateral airspace consolidation with peripheral
  350. Triad of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
    Severe pulmonary artery hypertension. Evidence of pulmonary edema. Normal wedge pressure.
  351. Water lily sign
    "Echinococcus cysts: Endocyst ruptures its contents within the ectocyst
  352. Differential diagnosis for wall-to-wall heart?
    Tricuspid regurgitation. Pericardial effusion. Dilated cardiomyopathy.
  353. Common predisposing factors for aortic dissection
    Hypertension. Annuloaortic ectasia: Marfan or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Bicuspid aortic valve. Aortic aneurysm. Arteritis.
  354. Anatomic structure separating Type A from Type B (Stanford) aortic dissections
    Left subclavian artery. Distal type B. Proximal type A.
  355. Chest bone findings associated with Marfan syndrome
    Pectus excavatum. Scoliosis.
  356. Pectus excavatum associations
    Marfan syndrome. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Mitral valve prolapse. Homocystinuria. Hunter-Hurler syndromes.
  357. 4 life threatening complications of type A aortic dissection
    Coronary artery dissection (myocardial infarction). Carotid artery dissection (stroke). Pericardial hemorrhage (tamponade). Aortic valve rupture (aortic regurgitation).
  358. Helps distinguish ventricle true aneurysms from pseudoaneurysms
    Pseudoaneurysm: Inferoposterior location. Narrow neck (less than 50%). Aneurysm: Anteroapical location. Wide neck.
  359. Which aberrant subclavian artery (right or left) is a vascular ring
    Right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Left-sided ligamentum arteriosum completes the ring.
  360. Causes of SVC syndrome
    "Neoplastic: Bronchogenic carcinoma. Metastases. Lymphoma. Infectious: Fungal infection (histoplasmosis
  361. Persistent left superior vena cava associations
    ASD. Tetralogy of Fallot. P(T)APVR.
  362. Tetralogy of Fallot. 4 primary lesions
    Overriding aorta. VSD. Pulmonar infundibular stenosis. Right ventricular hypertrophy.
  363. Thoracic vessels. Takayasu arteritis involvement
    Aorta. Right common carotid.Subclavian arteries. Pulmonary arteries.
  364. Causes of constritive pericarditis
    Cardiac surgery. Radiation therapy. Uremic pericarditis. Viral pericarditis (coxsackie). Tuberculous pericarditis.
  365. Treatment of intramural hematoma of aorta
    Similar to aorta dissections: type A (surgically) type B (medically).
  366. Sinus of valsalva aneurysm versus aortic root dilation
    "Sinus of valsalva aneurysm is focal dilation of one sinus of Valsalva
  367. TAPVR types
    "Type I: Supracardiac drainage. Snowman heart. Type II: Cardiac. Coronary sinus or right atrium drainage. Type III: Infracardiac. Portal vein
  368. Aortic pseudoaneurysm causes
    Atherosclerosis (penetrating ulcer). Infection. Trauma. Iatrogenic.
  369. Mirror-image right aortic arch congential heart disease associations
    Tetralogy of Fallot. Truncus arteriosus.
  370. 4 components of scimitar syndrome
    Right lung hypoplasia. Hypoplastic right pulmonary artery. Right lower lobe systemic arterial supply. PAPVR from right lung.
  371. Partial congenital absence of the pericardium findings:
    Leftward deviation of the heart without deviation of mediastinum. Prominent left atrial appendage. Lung located between aorta and pulmonary artery confirms diagnosis.
  372. Heterotaxy syndrome associated with interruption of IVC with Azygous continuation
    Bilateral left-sidedness/polysplenia syndrome.
  373. Features that suggest a primary malignant cardiac tumor
    Invasiveness. Extension outside of heart. Involvement of more than one chamber. Central necrosis or cavitation. Large pericardial effusion.
  374. Pulmonary sling aberrant course
    Left pulmonary artery arises from right pulmonary artery and courses between esophagus and trachea.
Author
sether52
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124852
Card Set
chestradiologyflash.csv
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chest
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