Foundation Spanish.csv

Key endings: words ending in -ible and -able are pronounced differently but often have the same meaning.

possible

probable

it is

It is possible.

It is probable.

It is terrible.

It is acceptable.

for me

for you

It is for me.

Use ‘no’ to make negative sentences.

It is not.

It is not for you.

It is not for you; it is for me.

It is not possible for me.

It is possible for you.

It is acceptable for me.

You can ask a question using inflection.

It is acceptable for you.

Is it acceptable for you?

Isn’t it acceptable for you?

why

Why isn’t it acceptable for you?

Inflection is not necessary if you use a question word like ‘why’

like that / that way

It is like that.

It is not like that.

It is not possible that way.

It is not acceptable for me that way.

Why isn’t it acceptable for you that way?

-o verb ending expresses ‘I’, so there’s no need to use the

Spanish for ‘I’ (yo). If you do use ‘yo’, then it makes it more emphatic: ‘I am sorry’.

I’m sorry (I feel it)

I’m sorry but…

I’m sorry but it is not

acceptable for me that way.

I’m sorry but it is not possible that way.

Key endings: English -ent and -ant endings become -ente and -ante in Spanish.

different

important

It is important for me.

It is not different that way.

It is very good.

It is not very good.

It is not very different that way.

But it is very important for me.

There isonly one stressed syllable per word in Spanish. When a word ends in a vowel, the stress will usually be on the penultimate syllable, so ‘importante’.

restaurant

I have

Remember: -o verb ending expresses ‘I’

I don’t have

I have it.

I don’t have it.

I want

I want it.

I don’t want it that way.

I need

I need it.

I don’t need it.

now

‘h’ is not pronounced in Spanish.

I want it but I don’t need it now.

constant

evident

urgent

‘g’ before ‘e’ and ‘i’ is pronounced like ‘ch’, as in Scottish ‘loch’.

It is very urgent.

I need it now; it is very urgent.

you have

What?

What do you have?

meWhatnow?do you have for

You have it.

Do you have it?

You don’t have it.

Don’t you have it?

Don’t you have it for me now?

Why don’t you have it for me now, because I need it now?

because

I want

I don’t want it.

you want

What do you want?

You want it.

Do you want it?

Why don’t you want it that way?

to know

I want to know.

I don’t want to know.

I want to know why you don’t have it for me now.

I can

you can

to do / to make

to do like that

‘c’ before ‘e’ and ‘i’ (for example, hacer) is pronounced ‘th’ in Castilian Spanish, butin Latin America and someparts of in it is pronounced ‘s’.

What do you want to do now?

When a word ends in a consonant, the stress will be placed on the last syllable.

to eat

something

I want something.

I have something for you.

I want to eat.

I want to eat something now.

I am hungry.

I want to eat something now because I’m hungry.

What do you want to eat?

You are hungry.

Are you hungry?

Are you hungry? Do you want to eat something now?

Why don’t you want to eat?

Key ending: English words ending in -ary end in -ario in Spanish.

necessary

It is not necessary for me now because I don’tneed it.

I’m sorry but I don’t have it and I don’t want it because I don’t need it now.

and

contrary

on the contrary

vocabulary

to see

Pronunciation of Spanish ‘v’ is the same as ‘b’.

to see it

I want to see it.

I don’t want to see it.

Do you want to see it?

Why don’t you want to see it?

I can

you can

I cannot see it.

If there are two or more consecutive verbs in a sentence, the second and subsequent verbs will be in the full form (the ‘to’ form in English, i.e. the infinitive).

Can you see it?

You can see it.

What can you see?

Why can’t you see it?

to do / to make

to do it

I don’t want to do it that way.

Because I cannot do it.

Why can’t you do it?

I want to know why you can’t do it that way.

Key endings: words in English ending in -ence and -ance end in -encia and -ancia in Spanish.

difference

importance

influence

preference

the difference

a difference

What difference?

the preference

a preference

What preference?

Do you have a preference?

What preference do you have?

For what restaurant do you have a preference?

tonight

It is for tonight.

For what restaurant do you have a preference tonight?

Where?

Where do you want to eat?

the dinner

to dine

Where do you want to have dinner (to dine) tonight?

Key ending: words ending in -tion in English end in -ción in Spanish.

condition

position

reservation

the reservation

a reservation

Do you have a reservation for me for tonight?

the condition

a condition

What condition?

Key ending: words ending in -ation in English end in -ación in Spanish.

What reservation?

of

the confirmation of the reservation

Do you have the confirmation of the reservation for me for tonight?

kind / type

What type (kind) of reservation do you have for me for tonight?

What kind of reservation do you want?

Key ending: nouns ending in -ion in English are the same in Spanish (-ión).There are nearly 12 of them. One exception is the word for ‘translation’.

translation

I need a translation.

Can you make a translation for me?

Will you make a translation for me.

‘puede’ is used both for ‘can you?’ (question) and ‘will you please’

please

Will you please do it for me.

Can you do it for me today?

today

explanation

to give

Will you give an explanation.

Can you give an explanation?

Verbs that are derived from nouns that are similar in English and Spanish will also be similar. To make the verb in Spanish, you just add -ar to the English.

formation

to form

to conform

to confirm

The whole form of a verb, the infinitive, is expressed with ‘to’ in English (for example, to eat). In Spanish, it is expressed in an ending. There are three types of verbs: -ar (hablar), -er (comer),-ir (venir).

to speak

to eat

to come

to leave

All Spanish verbs have an -r at the end, so the stress is on the last syllable.

Spanish words which end in a consonant are stressed on the last syllable. [See also the ‘NOSE’ rule, 4:13 and 4:53 below.]

Spanish words which end in a vowel are stressed on the penultimate syllable: tengo, quiero, necesito, importante, restaurante.

Two consonants are exceptions to the rule that words ending in a consonant are stressed on the last syllable: -n and -s. Words ending in -n and -s are stressed on the penultimate syllable, the same as for vowels.

Michel’s ‘NOSE’ rule: words ending in -n, -s or any vowel are stressed on the penultimate syllable; words ending in any other consonant are stressed on the last syllable.

Words that are stressed in defiance of the ‘NOSE’ rule have a written accent to show the stress: Mérida, México, reservación, condición, posición, situación, impresión.

Merida

Mexico

situation

impression

What impression do you have of the situation?

like that / that way

Words stressed in defiance of the ‘NOSE’ rule [continued]: así ‘like that’, aquí ‘here’.

here

Will you make a reservation for me.

Can you make a reservation for me?

Why can you not (can’t you) make a reservation for me?

to see

to know

I want to know it.

I want to see it.

to see it

to see you

to see them

to see them (feminine)

I want to see them.

I want to see them. (all women)

I want to see you.

to see me

There are two types of ‘me’: ‘mí’ as in ‘para mí’ (for me) and ‘me’ as in ‘verme’ (to see me).

to understand

to understand it

to understand you

to understand them

to understand them (all ladies)

to understand me

Can you understand me?

Why can’t youunderstand me?

to say / to tell

to tell it

to tell you

to tell me

Will you tell me.

Why can’t you tell me now?

to buy

I want to buy something here.

What do you want to buy here?

Why don’t you want to buy it?

expensive

It is very expensive.

Do you have it?

Why don’t you have it for me?

to have

I want to have it because I need it.

I have to / I must

Add ‘que’ to the verb ‘tener’ to make ‘must’ or ‘have to’.

I have to do it.

to leave

I have to leave.

soon

I have to leave soon.

you have to / you must

You have to do it.

When?

When do you have to do it?

to tell it

to tell you

to tell me

Will you tell me.

Can you tell me?

Will you tell me why you cannot do it that way.

Key ending: words ending in -ical in English end in -ico in Spanish.

political

economical

philosophical

logical

It is not logical butit is very practical that way.

To say ‘the political situation’ in Spanish, you say ‘the situation political’ (la situación política). ‘político’ changes to ‘política’ because situación is a ‘la’ word (feminine). In Spanish, you make a distinction between masculine (Roberto) and feminine (Roberta).

the political situation

the economical situation

in Spain

in Mexico

in Argentina

What impression do you have of the political and economical situation in Spain right now?

How much?

Don’t confuse ‘cuánto’ (how much) with ‘cuándo’ (when).

Will you tell me how much it is.

because I need it

And I want to have it.

And I want to buy it.

if

if it is not very expensive

I am

occupied / busy

I am busy. (masculine)

I am busy. (feminine)

tired

I am tired. (masculine)

I am tired. (feminine)

to be married

I am not very busy today. (feminine)

I am not very busy today. (masculine)

you are

You are busy.

Are you busy now? (feminine)

Are you busy now? (masculine)

to be

‘está’ (with an accent) means ‘you are’ but ‘esta’ means ‘this’.

this house

table

this table

Where are you now?

How?

How are you?

Add ‘s’ to make plurals in Spanish: buenosdias.

hello / good day (good days)

Are you tired? (masculine)

Are you tired? (feminine)

I am going

to

I am going to

I am going to eat now.

I am going to buy it.

I am not going to buy it because it’s very expensive.

I am going to tell you.

late

very late

It is very late.

more or less

later (more late)

to be

I am going to be here later.

I am going to do it.

I am not going to do it now because I am going to be very busy today. (feminine)

I am going to be very busy today. (masculine)

to call

I am going to call you later.

Can you/will you call me later.

at what time (hour)

At what time can you call me?

I am going to call you.

you are going

you are going to

At what time are you going to call me?

At what time are you going to be here tonight?

Where are you going to be later?

For all verbs, the form for ‘you’ is the same for ‘he/she/it’. For example: ‘you are going to’ (va a) also means ‘he/she/it is going to’.

You are going to do it.

He is going to do it.

She isgoing to do it.

Use a clarifier if it is not clear whom you are talking about. For example, ‘¿Dónde está?’ could mean ‘Where are you?’ or ‘Where is he/she/it?’. You can add ‘él’ (he), ‘ella’ (she) or ‘usted’ (you) to make it clear (¿Dónde está el/ella/usted?).

When are you going to do it?

Where are you?

Where is he?

Where is she?

He is going to be here soon.

She is going to be here soon.

What do you want?

What does he want?

What does she want?

What do you have?

What does he have?

What does she have?

What do you have?

Use ‘usted/él/ella’ either as a clarifier or for emphasis (What do you have? ¿Qué tiene usted?).

ready

I am ready.

I am ready. (feminine)

Are you ready? (feminine)

Are you ready? (masculine)

At what time (hour) are you going to be ready? (masculine)

At what time are you going to be ready? (feminine)

At what time is it going to be ready?

I want to know at what time it is going to be ready because I need it and I want to have it today if it is possible.

all / everything

Everything is going to be ready for you today.

nothing

tomorrow

Nothing is going to be ready for you today, but everything is going to be ready tomorrow.

He is ready.

She is ready.

Everything is ready.

It is possible.

It is ready.

There are two verbs in Spanish for ‘to be’ – ‘estar’ and ‘ser’.

‘estar’ expresses ‘to be’ as a state of being: how one is, where one is.

The word ‘estado’ from ‘estar’ means ‘state’ (los Estados Unidos, United States).

‘ser’ can also be a noun: ‘el ser’ means ‘the being’ (el ser humano, the human being).

‘ser’ expresses the characteristics of who one is and what one is.

I am

I am

‘estar’ expresses how one is or where one is, not permanent characteristics.

‘ser’ expresses permanent characteristics: who one is or what one is.

How is he?

How is she?

Where are you?

Where is he?

Where is she?

Where is it?

I don’t know.

I know

I know it.

I don’t know it.

I don’t know.

I don’t know where it is.

How is Pablo today?

sick

He (Pablo) is sick today.

He (Pablo) is a sick person.

Sunday

to arrive

drunk

to look

Pablo is drunk.

Pablo is a drunk.

dressed

well dressed

He (Pablo) is well dressed today.

Notice the difference between es bien vestido 'he is always well dressed' and está bien vestido 'he is well dressed today'.

I am a professor.

I am ready.

‘listo’ has two meanings: ‘ready’ and ‘clever’. ‘ready’ is not a permanent characteristic, so you use ‘estar’. ‘clever’ is a permanent characteristic, so you use ‘ser’.

clever

I am clever.

He is clever.

She is clever.

to speak

to buy

to take

For verbs that are derived from nouns that are similar in Spanish and English, such as words ending in -ion, you just need to add -ar at the end.

confirm

Will you/can you confirm the reservation for me.

to prepare

Will you/can you prepare the dinner for me.

Will you/can you accept the condition.

much / very much

many thanks

I want very much to accept the condition, but I am sorry I cannot accept it because it is not acceptable for me that way.

Any word in front of which you can place the article ‘the’ is a noun: the happiness, the pride, the situation, the condition.

Any word in front of which you can place ‘am’ or ‘is’ is an adjective: happy, proud.

Any word in front of which you can place ‘to’ is a verb: to be, to have, to go, to see.

There are three types of verbs in Spanish: -ar, -er and -ir. Most verbs end in -ar.

All verbs end in ‘r’ in the ‘to’ form, which means that the one single stress will be at the end.

to speak

to buy

to understand

to eat

to do / to make

to say / to tell

to prepare

to accept

to come

with me

with you

with him

with her

Will you/can you speak Spanish with me.

Whenever there are two or three consecutive verbs, the second or third verb will be in the full form of the verb with the ‘r’ at the end (the infinitive). So ‘can you speak’ in Spanish is ‘can you to speak’ (puede hablar).

Can you come with me.

If another verb follows a verb of coming and going, use ‘a’ (as in ‘voy a’).

Can you come see it with me tonight

to go

I want to go see it with you.

I must go see it.

I must speak with you.

I am sorry but I cannot see you today because I am going to be very busy.

I must buy it.

I cannot buy it because it’s very expensive.

Where it is?

How much is it?

to find

I cannot find it.

I don’t know where it is.

Will you/can you tell me where it is because I cannot find it.

Stress in the present tense is on the syllable before last (the penultimate syllable). If there are only two syllables, you stress the first syllable. What are the exceptions?

I buy / I am buying

I buy it. / I am buying it.

I am not buying it. / I don’t buy it.

to sell

I am selling it.

I am not sellingit.

to understand

I understand

I understand it very well.

I don’t understand it very well.

I understand it.

I don’t understand it.

I don’t understand you.

you understand

You understand it.

Do you understand it?

Why don’t you understand it?

Do you understand me?

You understand me.

Why don’t youunderstand me?

to sell

I am selling it.

I am not selling it. / I don’t sell it.

You are selling it.

Why don’t you sell it?

to write

I am writing

everyday (all the days)

I am writing everyday.

I like (it pleases me)

I like to see it.

But I don’t like to do it.

I like to go see it.

I like very much

I like very much to write.

you like (it pleases you)

Do you like?

I like to write.

I am writing / I write

you write / he writes / she writes

Why don’t you write to me?

to know

you know

Do you know where it is?

Why don’t you know it?

to do / to make

Why don’t you do it?

to leave

At what time (hour) are you leaving?

English ‘am/is + -ing’ is usually expressed with just the present tense in Spanish.

At what time do you leave?

The Spanish -ing tense expresses what you are doing right now. -ing becomes -iendo (saliendo). ‘Estoy saliendo’ means ‘I am in the process of leaving right now’.

I am leaving.

What are you doing today?

What are you doing tonight?

What are you doing? (right now)

What are you writing?

What are you writing? (right there)

to say / to tell

What are you saying?

For ‘you are saying’, ‘e’ in decir becomes ‘i’ in ‘dice’.

‘what’ at the beginning of a sentence is ‘qué’. In the middle of a sentence, ‘what’ is ‘lo que’.

I am sorry but I don’t understand what you are saying

I don’t know what you want.

That’s not what I want.

What do you want?

What do you want to say?

The combinationof ‘want’ and ‘say’ in Spanish means ‘to mean’.

I don’t understand very well what you mean.

You don’t understand what I mean.

because that’s not what I mean

I speak

to prepare

I am preparing it.

But I don’t accept it.

There are three types of verbs: -ar, -er and -ir. They are divided into two categories or ‘tracks’: the -ar track (hablar, comprar, preparar) and the -er/-ir track (comprender, escribir, hacer, salir). On both tracks for ‘I’, after you push down you will surface on -o.

I am preparing

I am accepting it.

On the –er/-ir track for ‘you/he/she/it’, after you push down you will surface on -e.

you are leaving

you are doing

you are writing

you are saying

On the -ar track for ‘you/he/she/it’, after you push down you will surface on -a.

you speak / he speaks / she speaks / it speaks

Do you speak English?

who / whom

Who speaks English here?

nobody

Nobody speaks English here.

everybody (all the world)

Everybody speaks Spanish.

Why don’t you speak Spanish with me?

I am buying it.

I don’t buy it.

I am not buying it.

Why don’t you buy it?

Endings in Spanish, even unstressed, need to be very clear.

I don’t know why I am not buying it.

Why don’t you sell it?

I am not sellingit because I don’t want to sell it.

I speak

you speak / he speaks /

For ‘they’, you just add an ‘n’ after‘a’ or ‘e’ depending on which track you are on.

they speak

they understand

They are doing it.

They are buying it.

They are selling it.

The same ‘n’ you use for ‘they’ also goes for ‘you all’ (you plural).

Why don’t you sell it?

Why don’t you sell it? (talking to several people)

Why don’t you do it?

Why don’t you all do it?

Why don’t they do it?

to speak

to eat

to understand

to come

to leave

to do / to make

to say / to tell

In the present tense, you push down on (stress) the penultimate syllable.

I want

you want

I can

I speak

I don’t speak

I understand

I don’t understand

you understand

Do you understand it?

Do you understand me?

Don’t you understand me?

Why don’t you understand me?

they understand

In the present tense, for ‘they’ you add -an for the -ar track and -en for the -er/-ir track.

you speak

All vowel sounds, even unstressed, have to come out very clearly.

a

e

i

o (obey)

u (food)

For ‘I’ on both tracks you surface on ‘o’.

There are only a few exceptions in the entire Spanish language where you don’t have a clear ‘o’ for the ‘I’ form. There are four where you don’t have a clear ‘o’ for the ‘I’ form. There are four exceptions where you have ‘oy’ instead of ‘o’.

I am going

I am

I am (from ‘ser’)

I give

One exception where there is no ‘o’ at all for the ‘I’ form is the verb ‘to know’.

I know

Why don’t you buy it?

I am selling it.

Why don’t you sell it?

Why don’t you sell it? (plural)

They are not selling it.

Why don’t you buy it?

They are not buying it.

Why don’t you (all) buy it?

In Spanish, you have two words for ‘you’. With family members and friends, you may switch from the use of ‘usted’ to ‘tú’.

For ‘tú’ you hook on ‘s’ to ‘a’ or ‘e’ at the end of the verb.

Do you speak English? (to Roberto or Roberta)

Why don’t you speak Spanish with me? (to Roberto)

If you switch tracks in the present tense (from ‘a’ to ‘e’ or ‘e’ to ‘a’), that gives you the imperative (the command).

Speak Spanish with me!

Buy the book!

‘this’ is ‘este’ for ‘el’ nouns (este libro) and ‘esta’ for ‘la’ nouns (esta noche).

this book

this night (tonight)

this house

this table

If you take out the ‘t’ in ‘este’ and ‘esta’, then you have ‘that’.

that book

that table

If you want to say ‘this’ without a noun, use ‘esto’.

I want to see this.

I am going to buy this.

I want to see that.

Why don’t you buy this book?

Buy that book!

He is not buying it.

Don’t buy it!

Why don’t you sell it?

Don’t sell it.

Don’t sell it! (plural)

Don’t sell it. (Roberto)

Buy that book.

Don’t buy it; it’s not good.

Don’t buy it. (plural)

Don’t buy it. (Roberto)

If you use the positive command with a pronoun (me, him, it), hook the pronoun onto the end of the verb.

Buy it!

Buy it! (plural)

Buy them!

Don’t hook the pronoun onto the verb in the negative command.

Don’t buy them!

to take

Why don’t you take it?

Don’t take it!

Take it!

Eat it!It is very good.

delicious

For ‘we’ the verb ending is -mos. Whenever you want to use ‘we’, go to the whole verb, drop the ‘r’ and add -mos.

to speak

I want to speak with you.

we speak

we eat

we are leaving

we are coming

we are selling

we are writing

we have

We are doing it.

We are not doing it.

We do not do it that way.

We are telling you.

The verb ‘ir’ (to go) is an exception: ‘we go’ is ‘vamos’.

we go

they are going to / you all are going to

you are going to (Roberto)

we are going to

We are going to leave soon.

to arrive

At what time are we going to arrive in Madrid?

Why don’t you do it, Roberta?

I have

go-go verbs: some verbs add a ‘g’before the ‘o’ in the ‘I’ form.

I come

I’m leaving

to put

Verbs in English with -pose will be formed with -poner in Spanish: ‘to oppose’ oponer, ‘to suppose’ suponer, ‘to compose’ componer.

I put

I am putting it here.

I suppose

‘to do’ and ‘to say’ are short go-go verbs.

to do

to say / to tell

I do

I tell

I am doing it.

I am telling you.

to bring

I am bringing

I am bringing it.

I am putting it.

Where are you putting it?

Where are you all putting it?

Where are you putting it? (Roberta)

We are putting it here.

The go-go verbs turn ga-ga in the imperative.

Come with me!

Don’t leave!

Don’t leave! (plural)

Don’t leave! (Roberto)

Don’t put it here.

Put it here!

Can you put it here.

Review of go-go verbs:

Bring it!

Bring me something!

Don’t put it here.

there

here

Put it there!

Don’t put it here; put it there.

I am doing it.

Do it!

Don’t do it!

Say it in Spanish!

Tell me!

Don’t tell me now.

Don’t tell me. (Roberta)

to call

Call me later.

Call me! (Roberto/Roberta)

There is only one occasion when you don’t switch tracks in the imperative: in the positive imperative to Roberto or Roberta you don’t switch tracks and you don’t use the ‘s’.

to have

we have

you have

they have

you have (Roberto)

I have

‘e’ in the second syllable before last (tener) becomes ‘ie’ (tiene) when you push down in the present tense, except in the ‘I’ form (tengo).

to come

we are coming

he is coming

they are coming

you are coming (Roberto)

I am coming

to begin

I am starting

You are starting/ he is starting / she is starting / it is starting

Start!

At what time are you starting?

At what time are you all starting?

At what time are you starting? (Roberta)

At what time do we start?

to begin / to start

I am starting

At what time are you starting? / At what time isit starting?

the film

to think

I think

What do you think?

What do you think of the situation?

we think

I plan on leaving soon. (in Spanish: I think to leave soon)

When do you plan on leaving? ¿Cuándo piensa salir?

to understand

In ‘comprender’, the e is locked between ‘r’ and ‘n’. This holds up the ‘e’ and it doesn’t cave in (comprende, notcompriende)

to understand

I understand

I don’t understand it.

I don’t understand you.

I don’t understand you. (Roberta)

Do you understand me? (Roberta)

We don’t understand.

If you see ‘ie’ in the present tense, you can deduce that the ‘to’ form is formed with ‘e’.

I want

you want/ he wants

they want

you want(Roberto/Roberta)

you allwant

to want

we want

‘o’ inthe syllable before last becomes ‘ue’ when you push down in the present tense.

I can

you can / he can

they can / you all can

you can (Roberto/Roberta)

to be able (can)

we can

the power

to find

I find

I don’t find it.

to remember

I remember

to come back

I am coming back soon.

At what time are you coming back?

Are you all coming back?

At what time are you coming back, Roberta?

We are coming back soon.

to regress

to lift up

I am lifting it up.

Why don’t you lift it up?

I am lifting myself up. (I am getting up.)

us

We are getting up. (We lift ourselves up.)

You are getting up. (Roberto)

At what time are you getting up? (Roberta)

Use ‘se’ for ‘himself/herself/yourself/themselves’.

He is getting up.

At what time are you getting up?

At what time are you all getting up?

They are getting up soon.

I am going to get up soon.

I have to get up.

We are going to get up soon.

We have to get up.

At what time do we have to get up?

to remain

to give

to stay (to remain oneself)

I am staying

I am not staying

How much time? / How long?

time

I don’t know how long I am staying.

I don’t know how long I am going to stay.

I don’t know how long I can stay.

We are staying.

We are going to stay a few days.

a few days

Usually words ending in ‘a’ are ‘la’ words. ‘día’ is an exception (el día). Words ending in ‘o’ are ‘el’ words. ‘mano’ is an exception (la mano). Words ending in ‘ma’ are ‘el’ words (el problema).

the hand

the problem

there is / thereare

people

the people

many people

There are many people here.

There isno problem.

I don’t know how long we are going to stay here.

still (still more)

still a little more

late

later

a little later

‘todavía’ is also used in the negative sense for ‘yet’.

I don’t know yet. (Still I don’t know.)

Still I don’t know how long I am going to stay.

we see

We see it.

He doesn’t see it. / You don’t see it.

I see

They see it.

We see ourselves.

We don’t see ourselves.

‘ourselves’ in Spanish has two meanings: it can mean ‘we see ourselves’ but it also means ‘we see each other’.

We see each other.

At what time do we meet? (At what time do we see each other?)

At what time do we meet tomorrow?

The present tense is widely used in Spanish to talk about the future.

I call you later.

If you use the present tense to talk about the future, you need to use words such as mañana, la semana que viene (next week), etc.

I will call tomorrow

I am buying them.

I am saying it.

I am telling you.

I am telling you. (Roberto/Roberta)

I am calling you.

I am calling you. (Roberto)

I call you tomorrow.

‘going’ is also frequently used to talk about the future.

I am going to call you tomorrow.

We are staying a few days.

We are going to stay a few days.

At what time do we meet tomorrow? (At what time do we see each other tomorrow?)

At what time are we going to see each other tomorrow? / At what time are we going to meet tomorrow?

How to construct the future tense: for ‘I will’ you use the whole verb and hit the ending of the verb with -ré.

I will speak

I will eat later.

I will buy it.

I will sell it.

to take

I will take it.

For ‘I will’ you add -ré, and for ‘we will’ you add -remos.

We will take it.

I will start (commence)

we will start

I will eat

we will eat

I will speak with you.

we will speak

to wait / to hope

I will wait

we will wait

I am staying

I am staying here tomorrow.

I will stay

I am going to stay.

I am going to start.

I am going to buy it.

We are going to buy it.

I am going to call you later.

We will call you later.

At what time will you call me?

At what time are you going to call me? (to a couple)

They are going to call me later. Van a llamarme más tarde.

At what time will you call me? (Roberta)

You are going to call me.

You are going to call me. (to several people)

You are going to call me. (Roberto)

They are going to call me.

We are going to call you.

I am staying

we are staying

they are staying

she is staying

I am not staying

I am going to stay.

How long are you going to stay? (señor)

How long are you going to stay? (to a couple)

I don’t know yet how long we are going to stay.

I will stay

we will stay

We are going to stay.

For ‘he/she/it will’ and ‘you will’ add -rá. For ‘they will’ add -rán and for ‘you will’ (Roberto) add -rás.

I will buy it.

We will buy it.

He will buy it.

You will buy it. (señor)

Where will you buy it? (to several people)

Where will you buy it? (Roberto)

They won’tbuy it because it is too expensive.

too / too much

I will be here.

We will be here tomorrow.

He will be here.

It will be ready for you tomorrow.

They will be here soon.

They are going to be here soon.

it will be

It won’t be possible.

I will go see it.

We will go see it.

we will go

We will go see it.

Go-go verbs in the future tense need a ‘d’ before -re (-dre).

I will have

we will have

he will have / you will have (señor)

they will have / you all will have

you will have (Roberto)

I will leave

we will leave

he will leave

they will leave / you all will leave

you will leave (Roberto)

I will put

we will put

they will put / you all will put

you will put (Roberto)

For ‘digo’ and ‘hago’ drop the ‘go’ and add -ré.

I will do

we will do

he will do

they will do

you will do (Roberto)

I will tell

I will tell it.

I will tell you.

I will tell you later. (Roberto)

We will tell you.

He will tell you.

He will tell me.

When will you tell me? (señor)

When will you tell me? (Roberto)

When will you all tell me?

The conditional (would) follows the same pattern as ‘will’, but the ending is -ría.

It will be necessary.

It would be necessary.

It wouldn’t be necessary.

It wouldn’t be possible that way.

I will do it.

I would do it.

I wouldn’t do it that way.

They wouldn’t do it.

Why wouldn’t you do it, Roberto?

I will tell you.

I wouldn’t tell you.

He wouldn’t tell me.

He won’t leave today.

He wouldn’t leave.

He will have it for you.

But he wouldn’t have it today.

I like (it pleases me)

I don’t like to stay here.

you like (it pleases you)

You like? (Do you like?)

we like (it pleases us)

I would like (it would please me)

I would like to see you.

I would like to go see it with you.

to send

He is sending it.

Whenever you have two pronouns, the personal pronoun comes first.

He is sending it to me.

He is not sending it to me today.

But he will send it to me tomorrow.

He is going to send it to me tomorrow.

You can also use the present tense to talk about the future.

He is sending it to me tomorrow.

He wouldn’t send it to me today.

I am sending it.

I am sending you something.

I am sending you something. (Roberta)

I am sending it to you. (Roberta)

I am sending them to you. (Roberta)

Whenever‘l’ of ‘le’youto anhave‘s’ theandcombinationyou make it ‘seof ‘le’lo’.andThe‘lo’,‘se’ youdoesn’tchange

I am sending it to you. (señor) Se lo mando.

I am going to send it to you. (señor)

‘Voy a mandárselo’ means ‘I am going to send it to you señor/him/her/them’.

Sometimes you need a clarifier: Voy a mandárselo a usted, a él, a ella mañana

Will you/can you send it to me. Puede mandármelo.

Can you send it to him.

I would like to see it.

Another expression for ‘I would like’ is ‘quisiera’ (I may/I might want).

I might want to see it.

Different ways to express the same thought: quiero verlo, me gusta verlo, me gustaría verlo, quisiera verlo.

It won’t be necessary.

It wouldn’t be necessary.

How to form the past tense (I have bought something). The past participle depends on which track you are on. On the -ar track, you dive into -ado (hablar – hablado). On the -er track, you dive into -ido (salir – salido). For example: comer – comido, vender – vendido, comprar – comprado, tomar – tomado.

to live

lived

In Spanish, there are twoverbs for ‘to have’. The verb ‘to have’ is the diving board you need to dive into the past, which in this case is ‘haber’ and not ‘tener’.

To obtain the different forms of ‘haber’, take the future tense ending, drop the r and add a silent ‘h’. In the future you have: -ré, -remos, -rá, -rán, -rás. For ‘haber’ you will have: he, hemos, ha, han, has.

I have bought something.

We have bought.

If you want to say ‘we have bought it’, the ‘it’ comes first.

We have bought it.

He has bought it.

He has not bought it.

Where have you bought it?

He has sold it.

There are a few exceptions when you’re ‘diving’. For example, the diving part of ‘hacer’ is ‘hecho’.

I have done it.

We have done it.

He has told me.

You have not told me.

I have told you.

to wait

I am waiting

I want to find out where it is.

you are waiting / he is waiting / she is waiting

Why are you waiting?

Why don’t you wait?

I am awaiting you.

I am awaiting you. (Roberto/Roberta)

He is waiting for you. / She is waiting for you.

They are waiting for me. (They are awaiting me.)

Why are you all waiting?

(Roberto/Roberta)Why are you waiting for me?

we are waiting

Why don’t you wait for me? (señor)

Why don’t you wait for me? (Roberto)

Why don’t you wait for me? (to several people)

Wait!

a little moment

Wait for me here! (Await me here!)

We are waiting for you.

To say ‘shall we wait for you?’ just use the inflection to a question.

Shall we wait for you?

‘let’s’ (let us) expresses a command. If you want to say ‘let's wait’ in Spanish, you have to change track from -amos to -emos.

we are waiting

Let’s wait!

Let’s wait here.

We are buying it.

We are not buying it.

Let’s notbuy it.

We are selling it.

Let’s sell the house.

Don’t wait for me.

Wait for me!

I have waited

I have left

I am waiting. (right now)

I am waiting for you. (I am right now in the process of waiting for you.)

I am doing it.

I am doing it. (I am right now in the process of doing it.)

Past tense with -ing: I was doing it, I was waiting. Whenever you have -ing preceded by ‘was’ or ‘were’, it’s the past tense with -ing.

The w-ing tense: to express was/were +-ing you use -abaon the -ar track.

I was waiting

I was speaking

I was buying it.

I was preparing it.

On the other track (-er/-ir), you use -ía.

I was leaving

I was eating

I was doing it.

I was buying it.

I was selling it.

He was preparing it.

You were preparing it. (señor)

You were preparing it. (Roberto)

They were preparing it.

I was doing it.

He was doing it.

You were doing it. (señor)

You were doing it. (Roberto)

They were doing it.

He was telling me.

I have not understood what you were saying.

The w-ing tense (-aba, -ía) in Spanish expresses a straight line in the past. It isused for short and long periods in the past.

‘ITheusedw-ingto dotenseit’ oralso‘I didexpressesit very oftena broken/ alllinethe time’.in the past, such as

He did it everyday.

done / made

You can also dive after‘to be’.

It is done.

I have done it.

I have prepared it.

Dinner is prepared.

I have accepted the condition.

I have told you.

You haven’t told me.

Why haven’t you told me?

Another exception in diving is the verb ‘to see’: ‘ver’ becomes ‘visto’.

I have seen it.

I haven’t seen it yet.

Another exception is the go-go verb ‘to put’: ‘poner’becomes ‘puesto’.

Where have you put it? (Roberto)

We have put it here.

to forget

I won’t forget it.

sure

I am sure.

I am sure that we won’t forget it.

I didn’t forget it.

to leave

to leave something behind

message

I have left a message for you.

to spend time

We have spent much time.

We have not spent much time. No hemos pasado mucho tiempo.

That is a very good idea.

It is not a bad idea.

How much time did you spend? (Roberto)

to prefer

I prefer

I prefer staying here.

to feel like

I feel like staying here.

I feel like being here with all of you.

I would like to see it.

I would like to make a reservation.

How long do you plan on staying?

to ask

I would like to ask you.

I would ask you later.

I will ask you later.

I am going to ask you later.

I will call you later.

‘para’ means ‘for’, butin front of a verb it means ‘in order to’. For example: ‘in order to know’ is ‘para saber’.

I am going to call you later to ask you if you can come see it with us tonight.

At what time do we arrive tomorrow?

‘acabo de’ + infinitive means ‘Ihave just …’. For example, ‘I have just seen it’ is ‘acabo de verlo’.

I’ve just left.

‘acaba de’ means ‘he has just ...’.

He has just left.

‘hace’ (it makes) is also used for ‘ago’. For example, ‘acaba de salir hace diez minutos’ is ‘he has just left ten minutes ago’.

I have just seen it.

I have just arrived here two days ago.

I have just arrived here two weeks ago.