-
Trileptal
generic?
oxcarbazepine
-
Trileptal
class?
antiepileptic
-
Trileptal
MOA?
may produce its antiseizure activity by blockade of voltage-sensitive sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcited neural membranes, inhibition of repetitive neuronal firing, and diminution of propagation of synaptic impulses. Oxcarbazepine also increases potassium conductance and modulation of high-voltage activated calcium channels. After oral administration, oxcarbazepine is extensively metabolized to its pharmacologically active 10-monohydroxy metabolite (MHD).
-
-
Xyzal
generic?
levocetirizine dihydrochloride
-
Xyzal
class?
antiallergy agent
-
Xyzal
MOA?
active enantiomer of cetirizine. It produces its effects by antagonizing the H1 (histimine) receptors in the periphery. It may also suppress histamine activity in the subcortical region of the CNS. In vitro binding studies revealed that levocetirizine has an affinity for the human H1-receptor 2-fold higher than that of cetirizine (Ki = 3 nmol/L vs. 6 nmol/L, respectively). The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
-
-
Concerta
generic?
methylphenidate hydrochloride (ER)
-
Concerta
class?
CNS agent for ADHD
-
Concerta
MOA?
a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant. Its mechanism of action in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is not known. It is thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. Concerta comprises an osmotically active trilayer core surrounded by a semipermeable membrane with an immediate-release drug overcoat.
-
Concerta
dosage form?
Tablets (Extended-release)
-
BuSpar
generic?
buspirone hydrochloride
-
BuSpar
class?
antianxiety agent
-
BuSpar
MOA?
The exact mechanism of action of buspirone in vivo is not known. It may be due to a number of changes in brain chemistry including; (1) locus ceruleus, (2) acting as a moderate presynaptic dopamine agonist, and (3) acting as a serotonin agonist. Buspirone does not significanty affect benzodiazepine or GABA receptors. Therapeutic improvement is usually seen within 7 days but may take as long as 21 days.
-
BuSpar
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Vyvanse
generic?
lisdexamfetamine dimesylate
-
Vyvanse
class?
CNS agent for ADHD
-
Vyvanse
MOA?
a prodrug of dextroamphetamine. Dextroamphetamine's mechanism of action in ADHD is unknown. In adults it causes CNS stimulation by a direct action on adrenergic receptors, releasing norepinephrine from storage sites.
-
Vyvanse
dosage form?
Capsules
-
Sinemet
generic?
carbidopa with levodopa
-
Sinemet
class?
antiparkinson agent
-
Sinemet
MOA?
levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the basal ganglia. A large portion of levodopa is converted to dopamine in extracerebral tissue. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa inhibits dopa-decarboxylase in extracerebral tissue, thereby increasing the levels of levodopa available to the central nervous system, and decreases the side effects (nausea) seen from high levels of peripheral dopamine.
-
Sinemet
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Sinemet CR
generic?
carbidopa with levodopa
-
Sinemet CR
class?
antiparkinson agent
-
Sinemet CR
MOA?
levodopa crosses the blood-brain barrier and is converted into dopamine in the basal ganglia. A large portion of levodopa is converted to dopamine in extracerebral tissue. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Carbidopa inhibits dopa-decarboxylase in extracerebral tissue, thereby increasing the levels of levodopa available to the central nervous system, and decreases the side effects (nausea) seen from high levels of peripheral dopamine.
-
Sinemet CR
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Cleocin
generic?
clindamycin hydrochloride (oral)
-
Cleocin
class?
antibiotic
-
Cleocin
MOA?
binds to the 50 S subunit of susceptible bacterial ribosomes and suppresses protein synthesis.
-
Cleocin
dosage form?
- Capsules
- Granules for oral solution
-
Aggrenox
generic?
dipyridamole and aspirin
-
Aggrenox
class?
antiplatelet agent
-
Aggrenox
MOA?
Dipyridamole inhibits platelet aggregation in response to platelet activation factor (PAF), collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP). Its mechanism of action is due to an inhibition in the uptake of adenosine into platelets causing a stimulation of platelet adenylate cyclase and subsequent increase in platelet cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin and thromboxane A2 synthesis by acetylating the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Thromboxane A2 induces platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. Aspirin permanently inhibits the thromboxane A2 in platelets for the life of the platelet.
-
Aggrenox
dosage form?
Capsules
-
Enablex
generic?
darifenacin hydrobromide
-
Enablex
class?
urinary bladder modifier
-
Enablex
MOA?
competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist with a high affinity for the M3 receptor. Blockage of this receptor results in an increase in bladder capacity by decreasing the frequency of unstable detrusor contractions and increasing the volume threshold for unstable contractions.
-
Enablex
dosage form?
Tablets (extended-release)
-
Medrol
generic?
methylprednisolone
-
Medrol
class?
anti-inflammatory
-
Medrol
MOA?
adrenocorticoids bind to certain receptor proteins found in the cytoplasm of sensitive cells to form a steroid-receptor complex. This steroid-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where it reacts with chromatin, or DNA. The steroid (or possibly the receptor) then uses stored information to stimulate or inhibit the transcription of m-RNA. The stimulation of m-RNA results in the synthesis of specific proteins and ultimately specific enzymes that carry out its antiallergy and anti-inflammatory actions.
-
Medrol
dosage form?
- Tablets
- Dosepak
- Injection (Solu-Medrol)
- Injection (Depo-Medrol)
-
Lioresal
generic?
baclofen
-
Lioresal
class?
muscle relaxant
-
Lioresal
MOA?
Baclofen is an analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It most likely works at the spinal cord level, reducing both the flexor and extensor spasms. Its mechanism of action may be due to a hyperpolarization of afferent terminals resulting in inhibition of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes.
-
-
Nystop
generic?
nystatin (topical)
-
Nystop
class?
antifungal antibiotic
-
Nystop
MOA?
an antimycotic polyene antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces noursei. Its mechanism of action is by binding to sterols in the cell membrane of susceptible Candida species and changing the permeability of the cell membrane. Nystatin is both fungicidal and fungistatic against many fungi. Nystatin is not absorbed from intact skin or mucous membranes.
-
Nystop
dosage form?
- Topical powder
- Topical cream
- Topical ointment
-
Imitrex
generic?
sumatriptan succinate
-
Imitrex
class?
antimigrainous agent
-
Imitrex
MOA?
a selective agonist for a vascular 5-hydroxytryptamine 1 receptor subtype with no significant affinity or pharmacological activity at other receptors including 5-HT2, 5-HT3, alpha1, alpha2, beta-adrenergic receptors. 5-HT1 receptor subtypes are present on cranial arteries in both dog and primate, on the human basilar artery, and in the vasculature of the isolated dura mater of humans. In these tissues, sumatriptan activates this receptor to cause vasoconstriction, an action in humans correlating with relief to migraine.
-
Imitrex
dosage form?
- Tablets
- Injection, sumatriptan (base) as the succinate salt
- Nasal spray
-
Dilantin Kapseals
generic?
phenytoin sodium (extended)
-
Dilantin Kapseals
class?
antiepileptic
-
Dilantin Kapseals
MOA?
increases the extrusion of sodium ions from neurons and cardiac myocytes. This produces a stabilization of the excitable membrane to repetitive stimuli. The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex.
-
Dilantin Kapseals
dosage form?
Capsules (extended-release)
-
Phenergan
generic?
promethazine hydrochloride
-
Phenergan
class?
antiemetic
-
Phenergan
MOA?
competitively inhibits histamine at the H1 receptor site causing a spasmolytic and decongestant effect. Antihistimines will prevent, but not reverse, histamine-mediated reactions.
-
Phenergan
dosage form?
- Tablets
- Syrup, Phenergan Plain
- Suppositories
- Injection
-
Orapred
generic?
prednisolone sodium phosphate
-
Orapred
class?
anti-inflammatory
-
Orapred
MOA?
Prednisolone is a synthetic adrenocorticoid with predominantly glucocorticoid properties. Its pharmacological effects include promotion of gluconeogenesis; increased deposition of glycogen in the liver; inhibition of the utilization of glucose; anti-insulin activity; increased catabolism of protein; increased lipolysis; stimulation of fat synthesis and storage; increased glomerular filtration rate with an increase in urinary excretion rate; increased calcium excretion; depressed production of eosinophils and lymphocytes; stimulation of erythropoiesis and production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; and inhibition of inflammtory response.
-
Orapred
dosage form?
- Tablets (regular, orally disintegrating)
- Solution
-
Millipred
generic?
prednisolone sodium phosphate
-
Millipred
class?
anti-inflammatory
-
Millipred
MOA?
Prednisolone is a synthetic adrenocorticoid with predominantly glucocorticoid properties. Its pharmacological effects include promotion of gluconeogenesis; increased deposition of glycogen in the liver; inhibition of the utilization of glucose; anti-insulin activity; increased catabolism of protein; increased lipolysis; stimulation of fat synthesis and storage; increased glomerular filtration rate with an increase in urinary excretion rate; increased calcium excretion; depressed production of eosinophils and lymphocytes; stimulation of erythropoiesis and production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes; and inhibition of inflammatory response.
-
Millipred
dosage form?
- Tablets (regular, orally disintegrating)
- Solution
-
Yaz
generic?
drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol (24)
-
Yaz
class?
oral contraceptive
-
Yaz
MOA?
oral contraceptives cause suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) resulting in the inhibition of ovulation. Thickening of the cervical mucous (inhibiting sperm penetration) and alteration of the endometrium (which inhibits implantation) may also contribute to their effectiveness. The progestin drospirenone is a spironolactone analogue with antimineralcorticoid activity including the retention of potassium.
-
Yaz
dosage form?
Tablets (28 day blister packs)
-
Bumex
generic?
bumetanide
-
-
Bumex
MOA?
inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. It also exerts a diuretic action in the proximal tubule, but not noticeably in the distal tubule.
-
-
Remeron
generic?
mirtazapine
-
Remeron
class?
antidepressant
-
Remeron
MOA?
mechanism of action may be due to its action as an antagonist of central presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, an action that is postulated to result in an increase in central noradrenergic and serotonergic activity. Mirtazapine is also a potent antagonist of serotonin 5HT2 and 5HT3 receptors. It also a potent inhibitor of histamine H1 receptors and a moderate inhibitor of adrenergic alpha-1 and muscarinic receptors.
-
Remeron
dosage form?
Tablets (regular, orally disintegrating)
-
Lopid
generic?
gemfibrozil
-
Lopid
class?
antihyperlipidemic
-
Lopid
MOA?
decreases serum triglycerides and VLDL-cholesterol and increases HDL-cholesterol. Reduction of triglycerides is due to an inhibition of peripheral lipolysis and reduction of hepatic extraction of free fatty acids. Reduction of VLDL-cholesterol is due to an inhibition of the synthesis of VLDL carrier apolipoprotein B. It is not known how gemfibrozil increases HDL-cholesterol.
-
Lopid
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Plaquenil
generic?
hydroxychloroquine sulfate
-
Plaquenil
class?
antimalarial
-
Plaquenil
MOA?
The exact mechanism of action of hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of malaria is unknown. It may raise the pH of certain components in sensitive parasites and interfere with lysosomal degradation of hemoglobin. It does not affect the exoerthrocytic tissue stages and therefore is not indicated for prophylaxis. It has a very large volume of distribution which adds to its long half-life of 3 days. Its mechanism of action in the treatment of discoid and systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis is unknown.
-
Plaquenil
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Patanol
generic?
olopatadine hydrochloride (ophthalmic)
-
Patanol
class?
ophthalmic anti-allergy
-
Patanol
MOA?
an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell and a relatively selective histamine H-1-antagonist that inhibits the type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells. Systemic absorption following topical use is very low.
-
Patanol
dosage form?
Ophthalmic drops: 0.1% olopatadine HCl
-
Pataday
generic?
olopatadine hydrochloride (ophthalmic)
-
Pataday
class?
ophthalmic anti-allergy
-
Pataday
MOA?
an inhibitor of the release of histamine from the mast cell and a relatively selective histamine H-1-antagonist that inhibits the type 1 immediate hypersensitivity reaction including inhibition of histamine induced effects on human conjunctival epithelial cells. Systemic absorption following topical use is very low.
-
Pataday
dosage form?
Ophthalmic drops: 0.2% olopatadine HCl
-
Symbicort
generic?
budesonide and formoterol fumarate dihydrate (inhalation)
-
Symbicort
class?
antiasthmatic
-
Symbicort
MOA?
Budesonide in a potent anti-inflammatory corticosteroid which shows inhibitory activities against multiple cell types (eg, mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) and mediators (eg, histamine, eicosanoids, leukotrienes, and cytokines). Formoterol is a long-acting selective beta-2-adrenergic agonist which acts locally in the lung as a bronchodilator. Formoterol, through stimulation of adenyl cyclase, relaxes smooth muscle and inhibits the release of mast cell mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes.
-
Symbicort
dosage form?
Metered Dose Inhaler (MDI)
-
Necon 1/35
generic?
norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol
-
Necon 1/35
class?
oral contraceptive
-
Necon 1/35
MOA?
cause suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) resulting in the inhibition of ovulation. Thickening of the cervical mucous (inhibiting sperm penetration) and alteration of the endometrium (which inhibits implantation) may also contribute to their effectiveness.
-
Necon 1/35
dosage form?
1/35-28 day pack
-
Ortho Novum 1/35
generic?
norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol
-
Ortho Novum 1/35
class?
oral contraceptive
-
Ortho Novum 1/35
MOA?
cause suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) resulting in the inhibition of ovulation. Thickening of the cervical mucous (inhibiting sperm penetration) and alteration of the endometrium (which inhibits implantation) may also contribute to their effectiveness.
-
Ortho Novum 1/35
dosage form?
1/35-28 day pack
-
Nortrel 1/35
generic?
norethindrone and ethinyl estradiol
-
Nortrel 1/35
class?
oral contraceptive
-
Nortrel 1/35
MOA?
cause suppression of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulation hormone (FSH) resulting in the inhibition of ovulation. Thickening of the cervical mucous (inhibiting sperm penetration) and alteration of the endometrium (which inhibits implantation) may also contribute to their effectiveness.
-
Nortrel 1/35
dosage form?
1/35-28 day pack
-
Androgel
generic?
testosterone gel (topical)
-
-
Androgel
MOA?
Endrogenous androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major sex hormones in males and are involved in development of the male sex characteristics. Testosterone and DHT binds to certain receptor proteins found in the cytoplasm of sensitive cells and forms an hormone-receptor complex. This hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where it reacts with chromatin, or DNA. The hormone, or possibly the receptor, then uses stored information to stimulate, or in some cases inhibit, the transcription of m-RNA. The stimulation of m-RNA results in the synthesis of specific proteins and ultimately specific enzymes that carry out its actions. Topically applied testosterone gel provides continuous absorption of testosterone for 24 hours.
-
Androgel
dosage form?
- Topical 1% gel pump
- Topical 1% gel foil packets
- Topical 1.62% gel
-
Fortesta
generic?
testosterone gel (topical)
-
-
Fortesta
MOA?
Endrogenous androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major sex hormones in males and are involved in development of the male sex characteristics. Testosterone and DHT binds to certain receptor proteins found in the cytoplasm of sensitive cells and forms an hormone-receptor complex. This hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where it reacts with chromatin, or DNA. The hormone, or possibly the receptor, then uses stored information to stimulate, or in some cases inhibit, the transcription of m-RNA. The stimulation of m-RNA results in the synthesis of specific proteins and ultimately specific enzymes that carry out its actions. Topically applied testosterone gel provides continuous absorption of testosterone for 24 hours.
-
Fortesta
dosage form?
Topical 2% gel
-
Testim
generic?
testosterone gel (topical)
-
-
Testim
MOA?
Endrogenous androgens, including testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) are the major sex hormones in males and are involved in development of the male sex characteristics. Testosterone and DHT binds to certain receptor proteins found in the cytoplasm of sensitive cells and forms an hormone-receptor complex. This hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where it reacts with chromatin, or DNA. The hormone, or possibly the receptor, then uses stored information to stimulate, or in some cases inhibit, the transcription of m-RNA. The stimulation of m-RNA results in the synthesis of specific proteins and ultimately specific enzymes that carry out its actions. Topically applied testosterone gel provides continuous absorption of testosterone for 24 hours.
-
-
Clozaril
generic?
clozapine
-
Clozaril
class?
antipsychotic
-
Clozaril
MOA?
classified as an "atypical" antipsychotic drug because its profile of binding to dopamine receptors and its effects on various dopamine mediated behaviors differ from those exhibited by more typical antipsychotic drugs. In particular, although clozapine does interfere with the binding of dopamine at both D-1 and D-2 receptors, it does not induce catalepsy nor inhibit apomorphine-induced stereotypy. This may explain its relative freedom from extrapyramidal side effects. Clozapine also acts as an antagonist at adrenergic, cholinergic, histaminergic and serotonergic receptors.
-
Clozaril
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Chantix
generic?
varenicline tartrate
-
Chantix
class?
smoking cessation aid
-
Chantix
MOA?
partial agonist at nicotinic receptors in the brain. Its mechanism of action appears to be due to selective binding to the alpha-4-beta-2 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Varenicline has mild agonist activity at these receptors although at a much less degree than that of nicotine. By occupying these receptor sites, varenicline prevents stimulation by nicotine of the central nervous mesolimbic dopamine system. This is the system believed to be responsible for the positive reward effect experienced through smoking. Varenicline also has mild affinity to serotonin 5-HT3 receptors.
-
Chantix
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Levemir
generic?
insulin detemir (Levemir)
-
Levemir
class?
antidiabetic
-
Levemir
MOA?
insulin is the primary hormone responsible for carrying out proper glucose utilization in metaboic processes. In adipose and muscle tissue, insulin activates specific enzymes, promotes the transport of monosaccharides (including glucose) across cell membranes and facilitates the transformation of intracellular amino acids into proteins. Insulin detemir is a recombinant human insulin analog that is long-acting (up to 24 hours). Insulin detemir differs from human insulin in that the amino acid threonine at position B30 has been omitted, and a C14 fatty acid chain has been attached to the amino acid B29. Insulin detemir produces a prolonged action after injection due to a strong self-association of drug molecules and albumin binding.
-
Levemir
dosage form?
Solution for injection
-
Pyridium
generic?
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
-
Pyridium
class?
urinary tract analgesic
-
Pyridium
MOA?
excreted in the urine where it exerts a topical analgesic effect on the urinary tract mucosa. Clinical effects include relief of pain, burning, urgency and frequency. Phenazopydridine's exact mechanism of action is unknown.
-
Pyridium
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Viagra
generic?
sildenafil citrate
-
Viagra
class?
Agent for erectile dysfunction
-
Viagra
MOA?
The physiology of the erection of the penis involves the release of nitric oxide in the corpus cavernosum following sexual stimulation. Nitric oxide then activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase which increases cGMP resulting in smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum and allowing inflow of blood. Sildenafil citrate inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. The increased levels of cGMP allows inflow of blood and resulting erection. Sildenafil citrate has no effect in the absence of sexual stimulation.
-
Viagra
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Januvia
generic?
sitagliptin phosphate
-
Januvia
class?
antidiabetic
-
Januvia
MOA?
inhibits the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DDP-4) enzyme. DDP-4 is responsible for deactivating the incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). These hormones are released by the intestine in response to food and are credited with increasing insulin synthesis and release from pancreatice beta cells. GLP-1 also decreases hepatic glucose production by lowering glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells. By inhibiting DDP-4, sitagliptin increases insulin and decreases glucagon in response to elevated blood glucose. Inhibition of DDP-4 by sitagliptin lasts for 24 hours.
-
Januvia
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Prometrium
generic?
progesterone (oral)
-
Prometrium
class?
hormone replacement
-
Prometrium
MOA?
Progestins increase the synthesis of RNA by interacting with chromatin (DNA), causing the transformation of proliferative endometrium into secretory endometrium in women with adequate endogenous estrogen.
-
Prometrium
dosage form?
Capsules
-
Strattera
generic?
atomoxetine hydrochloride
-
Strattera
class?
CNS agent for ADHD
-
Strattera
MOA?
The exact mechanism of action of atomoxetine in the treatment of ADHD is unknown. It may be related to a selective inhibition of the pre-synaptic norepinephrine transporter. After oral absorption, atomoxetine undergoes oxidative metabolism through the CYP2D6 pathway.
-
Strattera
dosage form?
Capsules
-
Peridex
generic?
chlorhexidine gluconate
-
Peridex
class?
antiplaque rinse
-
Peridex
MOA?
an effective antimicrobial against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and does not seem to result in significant bacterial resistance. Its activity is caused by a disruption of the plasma membrane of the bacterial cell. Peridex is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After rinsing, 30% of the active ingredient chlorhexidine gluconate is retained in the oral cavity. The retained drug is slowly released into the oral fluids.
-
Peridex
dosage form?
Oral rinse
-
Periogard
generic?
chlorhexidine gluconate
-
Periogard
class?
antiplaque rinse
-
Periogard
MOA?
an effective antimicrobial against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and does not seem to result in significant bacterial resistance. Its activity is caused by disruption of the plasma membrane of the bacterial cell. After rinsing, 30% of the active ingredient chlorhexidine gluconate is retained in the oral cavity. The retained drug is slowly released into the oral fluids.
-
Periogard
dosage form?
Oral rinse
-
Voltaren Gel
generic?
diclofenac sodium (topical)
-
Voltaren Gel
class?
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
-
Voltaren Gel
MOA?
The exact mechanism of action of diclofenac is unknown. It may be due to decreased prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclin formation through an inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX), an early component of the arachidonic acid cascade. Systemic exposure after topical application is much less than after oral administration.
-
Voltaren Gel
dosage form?
Gel: 1% diclofenac sodium
-
Estrace
generic?
estradiol (oral)
-
Estrace
class?
hormone/estrogen
-
Estrace
MOA?
17 beta-estradiol is the major estrogenic hormone secreted by the human. Estradiol binds to certain receptor proteins found in the cytoplasm of sensitive cells and forms an estrogen-receptor complex. This estrogen-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell where it reacts with chromatin, or DNA. THe estrogen, or possibly the receptor, then uses stored information to stimulate, or in some cases inhibit, the transcription of m-RNA. The stimulation of m-RNA results in the synthesis of specific proteins and ultimately specific enzymes that carry out its actions. Estrogens cause growth and development of the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes, enlargement of the breasts, and other tangible and intangible attributes of femininity.
-
Estrace
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Evista
generic?
raloxifene hydrochloride
-
Evista
class?
osteoporosis agent
-
Evista
MOA?
a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Decreases in estrogen levels after menopause lead to bone resorption and bone loss. Raloxifene decreases bone resorption by producing an estrogen-like effect on bone. It also possesses estrogen-like activity on lipid metabolism (decrease in total and LDL cholesterol levels). Raloxifene is an estrogen antagonist in uterine and breast tissue.
-
Evista
dosage form?
Tablets
-
Humulin
generic?
insulin (Humulin)
-
Humulin
class?
antidiabetic
-
Humulin
MOA?
Insulin is the primary hormone responsible for carrying out proper glucose utilization in metabolic processes. In adipose and muscle tissue, insulin activates specific enzymes, promotes the transport of monosaccharides (including glucose) across cell membranes and facilitates the transformation of intracellular amino acids into proteins. Insulin also decreases the formation of triglycerides. Humulin insulins are semisynthetic formulations of human insulin.
-
Humulin
dosage form?
- NPH (N): Isophane insulin suspension, 100 units/mL
- Regular (R): Insulin, 100 units/mL and 500 units/mL
- 70/30: 70% isophane/30% insuli, 100 units/mL
-
Levsin
generic?
hyoscyamine sulfate
-
Levsin
class?
GI antispasmodic
-
Levsin
MOA?
inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. Blockage does not occur at the autonomic ganglia. Hyoscyamine relaxes bladder smooth muscle which decreases urgency, frequency, urinary leakage, and dysuria. It also inhibits gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.
-
Levsin
dosage form?
- Tablets (regular, sublingual)
- Elixir
- Drops
-
Levbid
generic?
hyoscyamine sulfate
-
Levbid
class?
GI antispasmodic
-
Levbid
MOA?
inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. Blockage does not occur at the autonomic ganglia. Hyoscyamine relaxes bladder smooth muscle which decreases urgency, frequency, urinary leakage, and dysuria. It also inhibits gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.
-
Levbid
dosage form?
Tablets (extended-release)
-
Anaspaz
generic?
hyoscyamine sulfate
-
Anaspaz
class?
GI antispasmodic
-
Anaspaz
MOA?
inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. Blockage does not occur at the autonomic ganglia. Hyoscyamine relaxes smooth muscle which decreases urgency, frequency, urinary leakage, and dysuria. It also inhibits gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.
-
Anaspaz
dosage form?
- Tablets (regular, sublingual)
- Elixir
- Drops
-
Hyomax
generic?
hyoscyamine sulfate
-
Hyomax
class?
GI antispasmodic
-
Hyomax
MOA?
inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. Blockage does not occur at the autonomic ganglia. Hyoscyamine relaxes smooth muscle which decreases urgency, frequency, urinary leakage, and dyuria. It also inhibits gastric, pharyngeal, tracheal, and bronchial secretions.
-
Hyomax
dosage form?
- Tablets (regular, sublingual)
- Elixir
- Drops
-
Micardis
generic?
telmisartan
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Micardis
class?
antihypertensive
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Micardis
MOA?
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, the primary vasoactive hormone of the renin-angiotensin system and an important component in the pathophysiology of hypertension. It also stimulates aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex. Telmisartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor found in many tissues. Telmisartan does not inhibit ACE or bind to or block other hormone receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation.
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Micardis
dosage form?
Tablets (individually sealed in blister packs)
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