-
Personality
the pattern of psychological and behavioral characteristics by which each person can be compared and contrasted with others
-
psychodynamic approach
Freud's view that personality is based on the interplay of unconscious mental processes
-
id
the unconscious portion of personality that contains basic impulses and urges
-
libido
the psychic energy contain in the id
-
pleasure principle
the id's operating principle, which guides people toward whatever feels good
-
ego
the part of the personality that mediates conflicts between and among the demands of the id, the superego, and the real world
-
reality principle
the operating principle of the ego that creates compromises between the id's demands and those of the real world
-
superego
the component of personality that tells people what they should and should not do
-
defense mechanism
psychological responses that help protect a person from anxiety and guilt. (Repression, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, sublimation, displacement, denial, compensation)
-
psychosexual stages
perids of personality development in which, according to Freud, conflicts focus on particular issues
-
oral stage
the first of Freud's psychosexual stages, in which the mouth is the center pleasure and conflict
-
anal stage
the second of Freud's psychosexual stages, usually occurring during the second year of life, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shifts from the mouth to the anus
-
phallic stage
the thrird of Freud's psychosexual stages, in which the focus of pleasure and conflict shiftis to the genital area
-
Oedipus complex
a pattern described by Freud in which a boy has sexual desire for his mother and wants to eliminate his father's competitionfor her attention
-
Electra complex
a pattern described by Freud in which a young girl develops an attachmentto her father and competes with her mother for his attention
-
latency period
the fourth of Frued;s psychosexual stages, in which sexual impulses lie dormant
-
genital stage
the last of Freud;s psychosexual stages, which begins during adolescence, when sexual impulses appear at the conscious level
-
trait approach
a perspective in which personality is seen as a combination of charactersitics that people display over time and across situations
-
big-five model
five trait dimensions found in man factor-analytic studies of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
-
social cognitive approach
an approach in which personality is seen as the patterns of thinking and behavior that a person learns
-
functional analysis
analyzing behavior by studying what responses occur underwhat conditions of operant reward and punishment
-
self-efficancy
according to Bandura, learned expectations about the probability of success in given situations
-
humanistic approach
a view in which personality develops through an actualiaxing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world
-
actualizing tendency
according to rogers, and innate inclination toward growth that motivates all people
-
self-concept
the way one thinks of oneslf
-
conditions of worth
according to Rodgers, the feelings an individual experiences when the person, instead of the person's behavior, is evaluated
-
deficiency orientation
according to Maslow, a preoccupation with perceived needs for things a person does not have
-
growth orientation
according to Maslow, a tendency to draw satisfaction from what is available in live, rather than to focus on what is missing
-
objective personality tests
tests containing direct, unambiguous items relating to the individual being assessed
-
projective personality test
tests made up of unstructured stimuli that can be perceived and responded to in many ways
|
|