Microbio Exam 3

Protein A (ties up Ig) located on wall, fibronectin-binding protein on wall which promotes adhesion, biofilms (polysaccharides on wall), necrotic enzymes such as hyaluronidase (keeps connective tissue), lipase and protease; DNase (breaks down DNA), hemolysins (phospholipase) which are enzymes breakdown membrane and RBC, toxins such as enterotoxin (food toxemia), exfoliative toxin (cytotoxin of skin), alpha-toxin (aleucocidin) which punch holes in neutrophils, toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST1) especially for staph aureus which once in the blood causes vasculitis and clumping (IGG) antibody fraction of blood

On skin and forms abscess, carbuncle, impetigo, sties, decubitus ulcer (bed sores), disofuruncles (boils), scalded skin syndrome (SSS)

Enterocolitis often occurs following intensive chemotherapy

Food poisoning due to heat-stable exotoxin released in high protein foods

• Osteomyelitis (in bone), cellulitis and endocarditis (in valves)
• Treatment: Synthetic penicillin such as methicillin, vancomycin

• Toxic Shock Syndrome, associated primarily with highly absorbent tampons but various types of surgeries also important
• Treatment: Fluid replacement, drainage of foci of infection, antimicrobial therapy

In nares and on skin, especially axillae, head, legs and arms

Endocarditis, colonization of prostheses, bacteremia from IV catheters

Removal of foreign body or prosthesis, drainage of infection site, antimicrobial therapy such as nafcillin, oxacillin and cephalothin

Occasionally isolated from skin: but has predilection for urinary tract

Major cause of acute, recurrent cystitis in young women (UTI)

Antimicrobial therapy. Organism is susceptible to most common antimicrobials.

In the throat and on skin.

M-protein (Group A) which attaches onto mucus areas, hyaluronic capsule which is antiphagolytic and degrades complement component, protein G (ties up Ig), protein F (epithelial adhesion), hemolysins (S & O) which lyses leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes, streptokinase which lyses bloodclots to spread throughout body, C5 peptidase which breaks down compliment and creates biofilm, erythrogenic toxins (cytotoxin/superantigens) and causes immunosuppression, and TSSTA (toxic shock syndrome toxin)

May initiate autoimmune diseases (rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis) as well as scarlet fever and puerperal fever (endometriosis), necrotizing fascritis, pharyngitis, impetigo, erysipelas

Female Genital Tract

Neonatal Sepsis and meningitis

Colon

Abdominal abscess, urinary tract infection, endocarditis

Colon

Endocarditis, Colon Cancer

Throat, colon, female genital tract

Pyogenic infections, phary including brain abscesses

Mouth, throat, colon, female genital tract

Dental caries (s. mutans), endocarditis, abscesses

Throat

Pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis

First of toxic variety, major causes of infant diarrhea and travelers' diarrhea, abdominal cramps, low-grade fever

Heat Labile (LT) sensitive protein to heat stable (ST) enterotoxin lipid, LT resembles cholera toxin in chemistry and action, fimbrial adhesion called colonization factor (CFA)

Ingestion of contaminated food (raw vegetables, fish, meat) or water. Colonizes proximal small intestine.

First evolution of bacteria, infant diarrhea, fever, vomiting, dirrhea with large amounts of mucus, distinctive lesions in which microvilli are destroyed (fimbraie attaches to receptors)

Cytotoxin similar to Shiga toxin

Ingestion of contaminated food or water, Invades Proximal intestine

Diarrhea in adults and infants, Resembles shigella in pathogenicity, causes epithelial call death, fever, severe abdominal cramps, gross dysentery with bloody stool and mucus

Several outer membrane proteins, similar to shigella, involved in invasiveness, shiga-like toxin produced

Ingestion of contaminated food or water, predilection for mucosa of the colon

Present day strain, ID50=50, 0157:H7, no fever or fecal leukocytes which distinguishes it from dysentery due to shigella, a hemolytic uremic syndrome may also appear to be characterized by hemolytic anemia and renal failure, cattle may serve as reservoir, also causes stroke and seizures

Potent toxins called Verotoxin or Shiga-like toxins that are related to Shiga toxin

Ingestion of contaminated food or water. Person to person transmission as in nursing homes, during epidemic disease, in large intestine

evolved strain, 0104:H4, has antibiotic resistance, new STEC (with Shiga toxin), found in sprouts in Germany, Infant diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, persistent watery diarrhea with vomiting, dehydration and low-grade fever

Plasmid mediated aggregative adherence (intimin) of rods with shortening microvilli, mononuclear infiltration and hemorrhage; decreased fluid absorption

in small intestine, not very toxic

Diarrhea, enteric fever, typhoid fever, fever, malaise, headache, constipation, bradycardia, and myalgia, enlarged spleen and liver, rose spots usually on skin of chest or abdomen

Type III secretion (sips), epithelial cell invasion (CDT), survival in macrophages (Oxy R), proteins propel from cell to cell, carcinogen causes cancer

Ingested, link up to receptors in intestine, taken into cell by SIPS, causes systemic infection (septicemia)

necrosis of the mucous membrane, superficial ulceration, bleeding

Type III secretion Ipa protein- changes actin fibers, intracellular spread, induction of macrophage apoptosis, shiga toxin, exotoxin inhibits sugar and amino acid absorption in small intestine

Gastrointestinal tract, bloodstream invasion is quite rare, infected dose is 10 to the 3 organisms, highly communicable

Diarrhea, dehydration, shock

Attach to microvilli of the brush border of epithelial cells. There they multiply and liberate cholera toxin and perhaps mucinases and endotoxin. Activation of subunit A yields increased levels of intracellular cyclic AMP and results in prolonged hypersecretion of water and electrolytes. Absorption of sodium and chloride is inhibited.

In the intestinal tract O group I cause classical cholera.

Meningitis in children under 4 years, otitis media in children

Endotoxin (lipid A), capsule(polyribitol phosphate), IgA protease, Cytolethal toxin (CDT) (carcinogen), fimbraie and adhesion

Inhalation of respiratory droplets from active cases or carriers

Ampicillin, chloramphenic or ampicillin

Otitis media in children, pneumonia in elderly

Unknown

Inhalation of respiratory droplets, mother to newborn

Same as H. influenzae

Chancroid in men

polymicrobial causes ulcers

uncircumsized more susceptible, STD

Pertussis (whooping cough), catarrhal stage (cold) and paroxysmal stage (cough)

Dermadecrotic, Filamentous hemagglutinin, pertussis toxin (cAMP exotoxin), adenylate cyclase (fluid in trachea), Tracheal cytotoxin (kills cilia in trachea)

Erythromycin, tetracycline, chlorampheni killed vaccine part of DTP (used now DTaP)

Brucellosis (undulant fever/chronic), hyperhydrosis, swollen nodes (bubo), hepatitis, granuloma (infection in organs), can become chronic if antibiotics don't kick in fast enough

Toxic LPS and capsule

A zoonosis transmitted to humans by consumption of raw milk or its products, contact with products of conception, ingestion of meat from infected animals, aerosols, lesions

Ampicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline, mass testing, slaughter of infected cattle and vaccination of heifers

Tularemia (rabbit fever), lawn mower fever

Unknown, Lipid capsule, ulcerating papule at surface, necrotic buboes

Direct contact with infected animals by handling or ingesting contaminated meat, bite of insect vector, inhalation of contaminated aerosols generated by infected animals, rabbits

Streptomycin

Cutaneous anthrax is most common, localized itching, a papular lesion forms and turns into black eschar in seven to ten days. Gastrointestinal anthrax causes nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, bloody diarrhea, bloody vomit and abdominal pain. Inhalation anthrax is the deadliest

Protein capsule, 3 toxins PA, EF, LF that work together. edema factor and letha factor travel internally via endocytosis and PA punch holes in wall, anthrax toxin produced during sporulation

skin and hides of infected animals, fomites

Intense hemorrhagic inflammation develops in the enlarged lymph nodes, which may undergo necrosis and become fluctuant. Can reach bloodstream and become widely disseminated. Hemorrhagic and necrotic lesions may develop in all organs, meningitis and pneumonia

Fra in capsule (antiphagocytic), V & W factors (exotoxins)- shut down TNF (tumono necrosis factor) which is communication in immune system, Coagulase, Pla protease (degrades C3), siderophores, Type III secretion that disrupts actin & proteins of phagocytosis and induce apoptosis in macrophage (Yop gene products), virulence plasmids (has capsule, other Pla, third has LCrV which induces IL 10 and binds TLR2 to downregulate immunity)

reservoirs, vector

Syphilis: Primary stage: chancre. Goes into latency for a month or so. Secondary Stage: rash and mucous membrane. Goes into latency for 6 moths to 8 years. Tertiary stage: lesions called gummas. Gongenital: stillbirth, abortion, or secondary syphilis.

Do not go deep into tissue, Hyaluronidase allows them to travel deep into the tissue, adhesions, and fibronectin.

Sexual contact, accidental contact with lesions and congenital transfer

Penicillin, tetracycline or erythromycin.

Yaws: Primary and secondary skin lesions

First of treponema that infect cell

contact with eating and drinking utensils

Penicillin, improve hygiene

Pinta: Skin lesions, hyperpigmented

In humans ages ago

Contact with eating and drinking utensils

Penicillin, improve hygiene

Relapsing fever: Bloodstream infected- followed by invasion of kidney, liver, eye, brain. Episodes of fever caused by antigenic variation of borrelia

HLA-DR4 more severe

Horsefly, spider, reservoirs are field mice

Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, avoid tick-infested areas

Lyme disease: Skin lesions in first stage, second and third stages: Arthritis, neurologic and cardiac symptoms, alzheimers, palsy, encephalitis

Ixodid ticks

Oral phenoxymethyl penicillin or tetracyline for first stage, Penicillin G, chloramphenicol, or ceftriaxone for second stage.

Infectious jaundice: Bloodstream invaded- followed by liver, kidney, lung and meninges

Found in warm areas, Ingestion of water contaminated by urinating animals

Penicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline

Rat-bite fever: Formation of ulcer at site of bite plus body rash

Bite of infected animal such as cat

Self-limiting, but penicillin treatment of complications occur

Diarrhea

HLA-B27 more severe

Produces enterotoxin similar to LT of E. coli, also possesses adhesion and cytotoxin

Ingestion of contaminated food or water, unpasteurized milk

Erythromycin used in prolonged illness

Possible gastritis and stomach or duodenal ulcers; stomach cancer

Urease neutralizes stomach acid; mucinase disrupts lining; CDT toxin necrotizes (fragments DNA)

Human (parents)

Bismuth subsalicylate with amoxicillin or tinidazole

Prevents release of acetylcholine from nerve endings/botulism

200 molecules to shut down lung, neurotoxin

potatoes, spinach, beans

prevents release of inhibitory mediators of spinal cord motor neurons/tetanus (e.g. GABA), (Tetanospasmin)- both muscles contract (lockjaw)

Neurotoxin

Phospholipase C/gas gengrene (myonecrosis), Necrotic enteritis/ enterotoxemia, increase permeability of intestine, and ADP-ribosylation

Debribin- cut away tissue

antibiotic associated pseudomembranous Colitis- destroys tissue and lining in intestine, and brought on by inbalance in microflora

Enterotoxin- altered membrane permeability, Toxin A