Human Bio Exam

atoms--molecules--macromolecules--organelles--cells--tissues--organs--organ systems--organism

Study pg.7 tendency of the body to maintain a stable, balanced internal enviroment. accomplishe through self regulatin adjustments

cuts the body into left and righ

cuts the body into top and bottom

cuts the body into front and back

means that a body part is above another part or is closer to the head

means that a body part is below another body part or is toward the feet

means toward the front

means toward the back

refers to an imaginary midline dividing the body into equal righ and left halves. a body part is medial if it is close to this line than another part

means toward the side with respect to the imaginary midline

describes a body part that is closer to a point of attachment to the trunk thatn another body part

that a particular body part is farther form a pont of attachemtn to the trunk than another body part

situated near the surface

describes parts that are more internal than superficial parts

pg.17 otic, nasal, oral, cervical, acromial, axillary, mammary, brachial, antecubital, abdominal, antebrachial, carpal, palmar, digital, genital, patellar, crural, tarsal, cephalic, forntal, orbital, buccal, mental, sternal, pectoral, umbilical, inguinal, coxal, pedal, occipital, acromial, vertebral, dorsum, cubital, lumbar, scaral, gluteal, perineal, femoral, popliteal, cural, plantar

• extremely thin
• outpouchings and infloding
• selectively permeable= controls what enters and leaves the cell, allows some things to pass but not others

where ribosomes are located

no ribosomes, where lipid synthesis takes place

manufacture proteins

series of flattened membranous scas near the nucleus. refine, package, and deliver proteins

packages that are exportes by the golgi apparatus

double layer membrane, where chemical energy is transferred into a useable form

contain powerful digesting enzymes-breakdown and destroy foreign particles, damaged or worn out cells and cell parts

composed of 2 centiroles.involved in cell reproduction

involved in cellular movement, as in muscle cells

larger than filaments, maintain shape

contains genetic material

produce ribosomes

loosely coiled fiber in nucleoplasm. forms chromosomes, composed ofDNA

molecules move spontaneously form an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

molecules diffuse through a membrane by means of a carrier molecule transports

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

pressure to stop osmosis

conc. of solute particles is greater outside the cell

conc. of solute particles is lower outside the cell

conc. of solute particles is the same inside and outside the cell

molecules are forced thought a membrane by hydrostatic pressure

molecules are moved against the concentration gradient. this requires the use of cellular energy, also usually involves ATP

transpot fo particles out of the cell

transport of particles into the cell

• Mitosis (nuclear division)
• cytoplasmic division (cytoskinesis)
• interphase (growth)
• differentiation- cells become specialized developing characteristics in structure and function

• Prophase
• Metaphase
• anaphas
• telophase
• cytokinesis

• chromosomes visible
• centrioles migrate toward the poles of the cell
• spindle fibers begin to form
• nucleoulus has completley disappeared
• nuclear membrane is starting to disappear

• chromosomes lined on the equator
• spindle fibers attached to the centromere

chromatids seperate and moce to oppostie poles

• chromosomes unwinding
• spindle fibers begin to disappear
• nuclear membrane is reforming around chromosomes
• cytoplasm begins to pinch

• division of the cytoplasm
• divided organelles

occurs as cells multiply and prganism develops and grows

• single layer of flattened cells
• nucleus in middle
• diffusion
• filtrations
• air sacs in lung and walls of capillaries

• single layer
• cube shape (more rounded)
• secretion
• absorption
• kidneys
• tubules
• ducts
• ovarie coverings

• single layer
• tall, rectangular
• goblet cells
• microvilli
• secretion
• absorption
• digestive tract
• uterus

• single layer
• uneven nuclei
• layered appearance
• may have goblet cells, cilia
• secretion
• absorption
• lining air passages
• tubes of respiratory

• multilayers squamos
• outer layer of skin
• look cuboidal at bottom
• protection
• skin
• mouth

• multiple layers of simple cuboidla
• outerlayed more flattned, dark nucleus
• secretion
• absorption
• kidneys
• tubules
• ducts
• ovarie coverings

• one layer of cuboidal cells under the columnar cells
• secretion
• absorption
• digestive tract
• uterus

• stretchable
• block diffusion
• urinary bladder

• fibroblasts
• gel-like matrix
• blood vessels throughout
• binds skin to underlying organs
• fills spaces
• beneath most epithelium

• loose conn.
• adipocytes: fat cells
• nucles pushed up against cell membrane
• cushion, store, energy, maintain body heat
• beneath skin, around organs and joints

• closely packed, collagenous fibers
• fine netword of elastic fibers
• all in 1 direction
• few cells
• strong
• binds bone to bone
• bidns muscle to bone
• tendons
• ligaments

• matrix-glassy look
• fine collagenous fiber
• provide shape
• bone growth
• ends of joints
• nose
• respiratory passages

• mostly elastic fibers
• flexible
• provide framework
• external ear
• larynx

• contains collagenous fibers
• shock absorber
• tough
• intervertebral disks
• minisci
• pelvic girdle

• rigid conn. tissue due to mineral salts
• calcium
• matrix- collagenou fibers
• support all body structures
• protexts
• creates blood cells in marrow
• strong minerals

• matric-plasma
• red bllood cells
• white blood cells
• platelets
• exchange substandes between bod cell and w/ external enviorment
• maintain homeostasis

• long, cylindrical, thread like, multinucleit, striated
• move the skeltion facial expressions
• voluntary
• attached to skeleton

• nonstriated
• single nuclei
• spindle shape
• involuntary
• hollow internal organs

• striated and branch
• joined end to end
• connected by inercalated disks
• one nucleus
• heart

• made of nuerons
• neuroglia cells
• send and recieve nerve impulses
• brain
• spinal chord
• peripheral nerves

• top-epidermis
• bottom-dermis

• entirel conn. tissue
• produce synovial fluid
• lubricate, reduce friction
• surrounding joints

• layer of epithelial tissue
• layer of conn. tissure
• produce serous fluid
• lubricate, reduce frictions
• lines internal ventral cavaties
• lines surface of organs

• layer of epithelial
• layer of conn.
• protect
• lubricate
• secrete
• absorb
• respiratory and digestive tracts