Bio 11 (1).txt

• The turning on and off of genes
• Helps organisms respond to environmental changes

The overall process from genes to proteins or genotype to phenotype

Where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

• DNA control sequence
• Operates as a switch
• Determines whether RNA polymerase can attach to the promoter

• Cluster of genes with related functions
• Usually exist only in prokaryotes
• Single on-off switch can control the whole cluster

• Turns off transcription
• Protein that binds to the operator and physically blocks RNA polymerase from attaching

• Outside the operon
• Codes for a repressor protein
• Expressed continually so there's always some repressors

• Protein that turns operon on when bound to DNA
• Make it easier for RNA polymerase to attach

Process cells undergo to become specialized in structure and function

Small proteins associated with DNA that deal with DNA packing

DNA wound around the protein core of 8 histone molecules

Short pieces of DNA that connect the various nucleosome beads

Inherited traits not directly involving the nucleotide sequence

• One of the 2 Xs in females I turned off by compacting one X chromosome
• All daughter cells turn off the same X

Compact object made from an inactivated cell

Proteins needed for the RNA polymerase to attach

• Transcription factors that bind to DNA control sequences
• 1st step to initiate gen transcription
• Cause DNA to bend because Enhancers are far away from genes they regulate

Repressor proteins that bind to DNA sequences to inhibit the start of transcription

More than one polypeptide from each gene due to different combinations of exons- sometimes missing one, sometimes a different, sometimes have all of them

• miRNA
• Small RNA molecules that can bind to complementary mRNA

• Using miRNA to artificially control gene expression- turn off a certain gene
• RNAi

Master control gene that regulates genes that determine specific anatomy of the body

• Glass slide with thousands of different kinds of single strand DNA fragments fixed in tiny wells
• Used to see which genes are active in an organism using fluorescent cDNAs

• Converts a signal on a cell's surface to do a specific task inside the cell
• Signal molecule binds to receptor protein in membrane which a activates relay proteins which activates a transcription factor that activates transcription and then translation to produce a specific protein

• An organism produced through asexual reproduction that is an exact copy of the parent cell
• Common in plants

Cells dedifferentiate, divide, the redifferentiate to grow lost limbs

• Single copies of genes in a cell that can cause cancer
• Greek for tumor

• Normal, healthy gene with the potential to become an oncogene from:
• Mutation within gene, multiple copies of gene, gene is moved to new DNA locus

• Prevent in controlled cell division
• Mutation that decreases production can lead to cancer

The replacement of a nucleus of an egg cell with the nucleus from an adult somatic cell

• Implanting the transplanted cell in a surrogate mother
• Birth of new living material

• Harvested from a blastocyst
• Give rise to any specialized cell in the body
• Used for therapeutic treatments

When the main purpose of embryonic stem cells is for therapeutic treatments

• Unlike embryonic stem cells only give rise to many related cells in the body
• Found in bone marrow, hair, eyes

• Cancer-causing agents
• Factors that alter DNA and make cells cancerous
• Promote cell division or genetic mutation