-
Color andn Odor
- color - clear to black
- -dietary, meds, inflammation, disease
- odor - fruity
- -diabetes, dehydration
- appearance - turbid
- -infection
-
Specific Gravity
1.005 to 1.030
below - diabetes, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis
above - dehydration
fixed - severe damage
-
pH
4.5 to 8.0
- alkaline ( above )
- -disease, UTI, respiratory alkalosis
- acidic ( below )
- -tuberculosis, acidosis
-
Protein
proteinuria
-glomerulonscelrosis, glomerulonephritis, kidney disease, renal failure
-
Ketones
- ketonuria
- -diabetes, metabolic starvation
-
-
Red Blood cells
0 to 3
- numerous
- -UTI, inflammation, trauma, infection
-
Epithelial cells
- excessive cells
- -tubular degeneration
-
White Blood Cells
0 to 4
- numerous
- - UTI, cystitis, pyelonephritis
-
Casts
excessive - disease
hyaline cast - disease, inflammation
epithelial cast - tubular damage, nephrosis
fatty, waxy cast - disase, diabetes
RBC cast - disease, infarction, anemia
-
-
Yeast cells
external genitalia contamination
-
Parasites
external genitalia contamination
-
Creatinine Clearance
male 14 to 26 mg/kg 24hr
female 11 to 20 mg/kg 24hr
- above
- - little diagnostic significance
- below
- - reduced renal blood flow, tubular necrosis, inflammation, disease, hydration, heart failure
|
|
