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constructs
attributes or characteristics that cannot be directly observed
(i.e. intelligence, hunger, anxiety)
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operational definition
- defines a construct in terms of external behaviors that can be observed and measured
- (i.e. IQ test performance, hours since eating)
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discrete variable
separate, indivisible categories
(i.e. male, female)
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continuous variable
infinite number of possible values; each measurement is an interval that must be defined by boundaries
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real limits
boundaries of intervals for scores; exactly 1/2 way between the scores above and below
- 1) upper real limit
- 2) lower real limit
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nominal scale
set of categories that have different names; does not make any quantitive differences
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ordinal scale
- set of categories that are organized in and ordered sequence corresponding to differences in magnitude
- (example: ranking - 1st, 2nd, 3rd place)
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interval scale
series of ordered categories that form a series of intervals that are exactly the same (inches, seconds, lbs); zero is arbitrary and holds no value
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ratio scale
anchored by a a zero point that represents complete absence; measures direction and size of magnitude
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order of mathematical operations:
- 1. ( )
- 2. exponents
- 3. x or /
- 4. sigma
- 5. + or -
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