Sociology Final Review

Which social theorist focused on historical materialism and discussed capitalism as a conflict between capitalists and workers?

Which social theorist addressed the importance of ideas, culture, and religion and wrote a famous study titled The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism?

Which social theorist looked at how society holds together, discussed anomie, and wrote a famous study titled Suicide?

Which social theorist translated Auguste Comte’s work into English, authored the first sociology book on methods, and is considered a example of the earliest feminist social scientist?

Which sociological theory is a micro-level theory that examines how shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind people’s actions?

___ is a term coined by C.Wright Mills and refers to the ability to connect the most basic, intimate aspects of an individual’s life to seemingly impersonal and remote historical forces.

___ culture is everything that is part of our constructed environment, including technology; whereas ___ culture consists of values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

___ refers to taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value.

___ refers to a group united by sets of concepts, values, symbols, and shared meaning specific to members of that group distinctive enough to distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.

___ are methods that seek to obtain information about the social world that is already in, or can be converted to, numeric form.

____ are methods that attempt to collect information about the social world that cannot be readily converted to numeric form.

The ___ variable (also known as the cause) is a measured fact that the researcher believes has a causal impact on the ___ variable, or the outcome that the researcher is trying to explain (also known as the effect).

In ____ sampling, each person in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

____ refers to the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society.

Which of the following was NOT presented as an agent of socialization?
-Family
-School
-Peers
-Media
-All of the above were presented

___ refers to the duties and behaviors expected of someone who holds a particular status.

___ status is a status into which one is born (also known as an involuntary status); whereas ___ status is a status into which one enters (also known as a voluntary status).

___ groups are characterized as impersonal, instrumental (means to an end), contingent affiliation, and roles are more important than individuals who fill them.

___ is a group that helps us to understand or make sense of our position in society relative to other groups.

___ refers to the belief that one’s own culture or group is superior to others and the tendency to view all other cultures from the perspective of one’s own.

____ denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements that are built around ____, the natural or biological differences that distinguish males from females.

____ refers to a line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones and often includes lack of history, absolutism, and rigidity.

___ refers to an intellectual, consciousness-raising movement based on the idea that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities.

Which theory of gender inequality examines how gender is a process in which people participate with every social interaction they have, focusing on how in “doing gender” people contribute to, reaffirm, and reproduce gender inequality?

The sociological approach to the social construction of _____ examines variation in what is considered “normal” sexual behavior and different patterns through history and across cultures.

___ refers to an invisible lid on women’s climb up the employment ladder; whereas ___ refers to the promotional ride men take to the top of a work organization, especially in feminized jobs.

TRUE or FALSE: Race is a social construction, meaning race is not natural or biological.
True False

___ refers to the formation of a new racial identity, in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people.

____ is externally imposed, involuntary, usually based on physical differences, hierarchical, exclusive, and unequal; whereas ____ is voluntary, self-defined, nonhierarchical, fluid and multiple, cultural, and planar.

___ refers to negative thoughts and feelings about an ethnic or racial group; whereas ____ refers to harmful or negative acts against people deemed inferior on the basis of their racial category without regard to their individual merit.

Which equality ideology claims that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game remain fair, which resonates with capitalism and notions of meritocracy?

____ refers to an economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility.

___ refers to money received by a person for work or from returns on investments; whereas ___ refers to a family’s or individual’s net worth (total assets minus total debts).

TRUE or FALSE: Income and wealth inequality have been decreasing.
True False

____ refers to mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy.

___ refers to the point at which a household’s income falls below the necessary level to purchase food to physically sustain its members; whereas ____ is a measurement of poverty based on a percentage of the median income in a given location.

TRUE or FALSE: The U.S. has lower poverty rates compared to other developed nations.
True False

____ is the dominant and privileged category of men and often regarded as norm against which all others are judged.

____ refers to structured social inequality including systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationships.

Which costs are used to calculate the official poverty line in the United States?
-Food Costs
-Housing Costs
-Childcare Costs
-Transportation Costs
-All of the above

TRUE or FALSE: What counts as social deviance varies across contexts.
True False

____ solidarity has social cohesion based on sameness; whereas ____ solidarity has social cohesion based on difference and interdependent parts.

___ refers to those mechanisms that create normative compliance in individuals.

Which theory of deviance explains how social context and social cues of disorder impact whether individuals act deviantly and examines whether local, informal social norms allow such acts?

____ crime is committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty; whereas ____ crime is committed by a professional agent against a corporation, agency, or other business.

___ refers to a negative social label that not only changes your behavior toward a person, but also alters that person’s own self-concept and social identity.

TRUE or FALSE: Today the U.S. has the lowest rates of incarceration than ever before in American history.
True False

____ is an economic system in which property and goods are owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and distribution of goods are primarily determined by competition in a free market.

___ is an economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are provided through nonmarket methods of distribution.

TRUE or FALSE: Since the 1970s, unionization in the U.S. has been increasing.
True False

Which of the following was NOT presented as a phenomenon tied to globalization--the increase in trade and economic exchange among individuals, corporations, and states around the globe?
-New Markets
-New Means of Exchange
-New Players
-New Rules
-All of the above were presented

___ is interested in the ways scientific communities study the objects of their research, the ways science changes how we live and interact with each other, and the unexpected consequences of scientific discoveries.

According to Thomas Kuhn, ___ occurs when enough anomalies accrue to challenge the existing paradigm, showing that it is incomplete or inadequate to explain all observed phenomena.

___ refers to how sociologists research the effects of the social world and the natural world on each other.

___ refers to stratification in information technology within countries; whereas ___ refers to stratification in information technology between countries.

___ refers to the process by which problems or issues not traditionally seen as medical come to be framed as such.

TRUE or FALSE: Married people, especially men, tend to live shorter than unmarried people.
True False

According to your textbook and lecture, what is the leading killer worldwide?

___ refers to the justifiable right to exercise power.

Which of the following was NOT presented as a characteristic of bureaucracies?
-Structured Hierarchically
-Impersonality
-Efficient
-Generalization
-All of the above were presented