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learning
the modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding
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habituation
the process of adapting to stimuli that do not change
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classical conditioning
a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until until the neutral stimulu alone comes to elicit a similar response
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unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning
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conditioned stimulus
the originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response
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unconditioned response
the automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus
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conditioned response
the response that the conditioned stimulus elicits
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extinction
the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the appearance of an unconditioned stimulus
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reconditioning
the quick relearning of a conditioned response following extintion
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spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
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stimulus generalization
a phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus
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stimulus discrimination
a process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one
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second-order conditioning
a phenomenon in which a conditioned stimulus acts like an unconditioned stimulus, creating conditioned stimuli out of events associated with it
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law of effect
a law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by staifaction, that response is more likely the next time the stimulus is encountered
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instrumental conditioning
a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
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operant conditioning
a process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones
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operant
a response that has some effect on the world
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reinforcer
a stimulus even that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again
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positive reinforcers
stimuli that strenghen a response if they follow that response
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negative reinforcer
the removal of unpleasant stimuli, such as pain
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escape conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus
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avoidance conditioning
a type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus
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discriminative stimuli
stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made
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shaping
the process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response
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primary reinforcers
reinforcers that meet an organsim's basic needs, such as food and water
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secondary reinforcer
a reward that people or animals learn to like
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continuous reinforcement schedule
a pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs
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partial reinforcement schedule
a pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after after a particular response occurs
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fixed-ratio schedule
a partila reinforcement schdule that provides reinforcement follwing a fixed number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
a partial reinforcement scheduleb that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward
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fixed-interval schedule
a partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward
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variable-interval
a partial reinforcement schdule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time
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extinction
the gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewarding for that behavior
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partial reinforcement extintion effect
a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schdule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule
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punishment
presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus
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learned helplessness
learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment
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latent learning
learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs
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cognitive map
a mental representation of the environment
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insight
a sudden understanding about what is required to solbe a problem
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observational learning
learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others
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vicarious conditioning
learning conditioned responses by watching what happens to others
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