Anatomy/Physiology II Final Review

• stimulates body cells to increase in size/divide
• esp. bone, cartilage, & muscle & epiphyseal disk

1. In female, develop. of follicles (in eggs)

2. release of estrogen from follicle

3. In male, stimulates sperm production in testes

lowers blood Ca++;

stimulates osteoblasts

stimulates kidney excretion of Ca++

• negative feedback:
• trigger = high blood Ca++ >release calcitonin > result = drop in blood Ca++

PTH

PTH increases blood Ca++; decreases PO4-3

stimulates osteoclasts ; stimulates kidneys to conserve Ca++

increases absorption of Ca++ from intestine into blood (by activating vitamin D)

negative feedback: low Ca++ > increase PTH > increase Ca++

Aldosterone

Calcitonin

• GH (growth hormone)
• FSH (follical stinulating hormone)

• Na+ to be conserved to the body;
• K+ to be excreted;
• water to be conserved; increases b. p.

low Na+ or high K+ or decreased blood pressure will cause an increase in aldosterone;

• Glucagon
• Insulin

targets liver to change glycogen to glucose to be released into blood

trigger = low blood glucose> integration = increased glucagon > = increased blood glucose

promotes glc uptake from blood by most cells, (except nervous and small blood vessels) > results in decreased blood glc

trigger= high blood glucose> integration= release of insulin > =decreased blood glucose

• no nucleus (in blood); cannot reproduce;
• 1/3 of cell protein = hemoglobin (Hb)

TRIGGER = oxygen deficiency sensed by liver or kidney

ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) released by kidney

RESPONSE= EPO targets marrow to increase rbc production; more O2 to tissue

PHAGOCYTE (esp. Bacteria & fungi & antigen-antibody complexes)

Increased in parasitic worm attack; Increased in allergic attack

Granules release heparin = anticoagulant

Granules release histamine = inflammatory agent; Increased in allergies

used for IMMUNITY as T-cells or B-cells

Largest cell ; Large PHAGOCYTE

• ALBUMINS
• CLOTTING PROTEINS
• GLOBULINS

• alpha and beta globulins: transport lipids & fat
• soluble vitamins;

gamma globulins = antibodies of immunity

fibrinogen, prothrombin ; made in liver

made in liver; maintain osmotic pressure of blood (for constant b.p.); blood buffer

• superior vena cava
• inferior vena cava
• coronary sinus (drains heart wall) (myocardial circulation)

pacemaker In right atrium; 75 bpm; fastest node in heart; Impulses to both atria

Depolarization message spreads over both atria as one unit

if pacemaker 50 bpm,

In right atrium septum above tricuspid

0.1 sec delay> Now atrial systole can occur!

In septum; insulated by skeleton;

In septum to apex

Fires papillary muscles and wraps around each ventricle; Now ventricular systole can occur (after QRS)

• 0.08SEC
• depolarization of atria FROM SA to internodals to AV node; followed by atrial contraction

0.08 SEC

depolarization of ventricles (Bundle to bundle branches to Purkinje’s); atria repolarize followed by ventricles contracting

T-WAVE .16 SEC = repolarization of ventricles (to resting potential)