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The 3 functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Motor areas- control voluntary movement
- Sensory areas- conscious awareness of sensation
- Association areas- integrate the entire cortex
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Primary motor cortex
allows conscious control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
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Premotor cortex
controls learned, repititious, or patterned motor skills
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Broca's area
directs muscles of the tongue
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Frontal eye field
controls voluntary eye movements
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Olfactory cortex
smelling
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Visceral sensory area
stomach area
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Vestibular cortex
balance
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Left hemisphere of the brain controls what?
language, math, and logic
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Right hemisphere of the brain controls what?
insight, visual-spatial skills, intuition, and artistic skills
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Functions of the basal nuclei
- influence muscular control
- help regulate attention
- regulate intensity of slow movements
- inhibit unnecessary movements
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Thalamic Function
mediates sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory
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Hypothalamic Function
regulate body temp, food intake, water balance, thirst, and sleep
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What does the medulla oblongata regulate?
vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
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Limbic system
- emotional or affective brain
- puts emotional responses to odors
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Amygdala
- recognizes angry expressions
- assesses danger
- fear response
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RAS (reticular activating system)
- sends impulses to cerebral cortex to keep it concious and alert
- severe injury = coma
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Alpha waves
- 8-13 Hz
- regular and rhythmic, low-amplitude
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Beta waves
- 14-30 Hz
- rhythmic, less regular waves occurring when mentally alert
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Theta waves
- 4-7 Hz
- more irregular
- common in children, uncommon in adults
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Delta waves
- 4 Hz or less
- high-amplitude waves seen in deep sleep
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Two types of sleep?
- nonrapid eye movement (NREM)
- rapid eye movement (REM)
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Stages of sleep?
- first two of NREM during first 30-45 min
- fourth stage achieved in 90 min
- REM sleep begins abruptly
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Sleep disorders?
- narcolepsy- fall asleep randomly
- insomnia- inability to obtain amount or quality sleep needed
- sleep apnea- stop breathing during sleep
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Categories of memory
- Declarative memory (factual knowledge)
- Nondeclarative memory (remembered by doing, hard to unlearn)
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Protection of the brain
- bone (skull)
- membranes (meninges)
- watery cushions (cerebrospinal fluid)
- blood-brain barrier
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3 layers of meninges?
- dura mater- strongest meninx
- arachnoid mater- middle layer with weblike extensions
- pia mater- clings tightly to the brain
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Degenerative brain disorders
- Alzheimers- progressive disease of the brain, results in dementia
- Parkinsons- degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons
- Huntingtons- degeneration of the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
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