genetic traits of continuous variation that exhibit complex inheritance. The inheritance involves multipe genes and environmnetal factors
variance
extent to which individuals vary from the mean
Vx = 1/n SUMMATION (Xi- X)2
standard deviation
square root of the variance; denoted by sigma
Normal distribution
predict the percentage of observations that will fall within a certain distance of the mean; 95.5% of observed value s will be within two standard deviations of the mean
covariance
genotypes are no distributed randomly across the environments; average product of the deviation of one variable from itw own mean times the deviation of the other variable from its mean
broad sense heritability (H2)
measure of the proportion of the observed phenotypic variation that is due to genetic differences in the population; ranges from 0 (all environmental, no genetic component) to 1 (all variation due to genetic variation)
H2= Vg/Vx = Vg/Vg+Ve
phenotypic variance
Vx=Vg+Ve+2cov ge
Vx= phenotypic variance
Vg= genetic variance (variation due to genotype)
Ve= envirnomental variance (variation due to environment)