Bio Final 4

number of y chromosomes in gene pool

number of genes in gene pool

number of x chromasomes in gene pool

time to coalesce for x chromosomal sex-linked alleles

time to coalesce for autosomal alleles

silent versus replacement substitutions aka synonymous versus nonsynonymous in SI in V3 region producing a transitional branch

comparing allelic frequencies within and between demes

• infer an ancestral protein that no longer exists based on maximum likelihood and Baysian methods
• can be constructed from amino acids and tested for functionality

a large population had one or more generations of small size in the past

D_N/D_S<1

D_N/D_S>1

• interactions between natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow in a metapopulation, which causes it to explore selective peaks
• drift: shifts average excess of alleles for fitness in a deme
• selection:directs a deme toward a different peak
• gene flow: migrants from deme that reaches highest peak add alleles to neighboring demes to increase metapopulation

• rate of increase in fitness of a population at any time equals its additive genetic variance in fitness at that time in a single locus model
• natural selection is and destroys heritable variance in fitness

• viability, mating success, fecundity
• fertility

• mutation: causes variance within a population and between populations
• genetic drift: variation between populations increases but is decreased within a population
• gene flow: variation within a population is increase but is decreased between populations
• natural selection:

• bottleneck coincides with a new geographic settlement
• drastically alters allele frequencies
• change non-additive to additive genetic variance

proportion of amino acid sites that perform specific functions

movement of genes between demes

charge, isoelectric point, solubility

younger haplotypes can have geographic distributions outside of ranges of ancestral haplotypes

• evolves a million time faster that nuclear genomes
• retrovirus that first attacks macrophages and later T cells

constant size, random mating, poisson fecundity, non-overlapping generations, even sex ratios, no selection

accumulation of identity by descent

• Sewall Wright-most geneflow is between neighboring demes
• gametic differences among populations are proportional to geographic distance

• married Bantu women
• supported by y chromosomal haplotype tree

fraction of a deme that migrates to another one before mating

white blood cell that attacks virus

• large population subdivided geographically into many local demes
• most matings occur within a local population but sometimes individuals mate outside their local deme

no broad-sense heritability

time to coalesce for y chromosomal sex-linked alleles

size of ideal population whose rate of random genetic drift equals that of the real population

• non-Darwinian evolution
• rate of neutral evolution=(rate of mutation)(rate of loss of alleles)
• rate of loss=(100/(% habitat remaining))(# of fragments)

broad-sense heritability exists

gene that lost function and therefore evolves rapidly because mutations are neutral alleles

creates linkage disequilibrium

founder event turns little girls into boys

• no additive variance in fitness
• selection moves a population toward it

mutation site that does not alter amino acid aka neutral allele

time needed for 1% amino acid sequence divergence between homologous proteins

region in envelope protein gene in HIV-1

change of allele frequency