psych 383

A field study performed by Muzafer and Carolyn sheriff and their colleagues that examined the causes and consequences of conflict between two groups of boys at Robbers Cave State Park in Oklahoma.

A conceptual framework arguing that conflict between groups stems from competition for scarce resources, including food, territory, wealth, power, natural resources and energy.

The markedly greater competitiveness of groups when interacting with other groups, relative to the competiveness of individuals interacting with other individuals.

An explanation of intergroup conflict arguing that hostility caused by frustrating environmental circumstances is released by taking hostile actions against members of other social groups.

The belief that one’s own tribe, region, or country is superior to other tribes, regions or countries

Tendency to assume that the members of other groups are very similar to each other, whereas the membership of one’s own group is more heterogeneous

Tendency to base sweeping generalizations about an entire group on observations of a small number of individuals from that group

Tendency to assume that specific group members’ personal characteristics and preferences are similar to the preferences of the group to which they belong

Socially shared set of cognitive generalizations about the qualities and characteristics of the members of a particular group or social category

A superordinate goal is one that can only be attained if the members of 2 or more groups work together by pooling their efforts and resources

Reducing social categorization tendencies by minimizing the salience of group memberships and stressing the individuality of each person in the group

Reducing social categorization tendencies by collapsing groups in conflict into a single group or category

Reducing the impact of social categorization on individuals’ perceptions by making salient their memberships in 2 or more social groups or categories that are not related to the categories that are generating ingroup–outgroup tensions

The psychological reaction (mood, feelings, emotions) evoked by a setting)

A psychological reaction to situations and experiences that are so cognitively, perceptually, or emotionally stimulating that they tax or even exceed the individual’s capacity to process incoming information

The quality of the fit between the human occupants and the physical situation

Both understaffing (not enough people) and overstaffing (too many people) can be detrimental

Personal space, body orientation, and eye contact define the level of intimacy of any interaction.

High density makes unpleasant situations more unpleasant but pleasant situations more pleasant

Promote interaction among group members

Discourage or prevent interaction among group members

The tendency for members of a group to comment immediately after the person sitting opposite them

primary, secondary, public

Areas that are maintained and used exclusively by individuals or groups on a relatively permanent basis

These areas are not owned by the group members, but because the members use such an area regularly, they come to consider it “theirs”

Occupants can prevent intrusion while they are physically present, but they relinquish all claims when they leave

The tendency for individuals and groups to gain and advantage over others when interacting in their home territory.

Individuals seeking treatment for a psychological problem who meet as a group with a trained mental health professional

An approach to group therapy in which clients are taught to understand the unity of their emotions and cognitions through a leader-guided exploration of their behavior in the group situation.

An approach to the treatment of psychological, behavioral, and emotional problems that emphasizes the therapeutic influence of interpersonal learning.

The treatment of interpersonal and psychological problems through the application of behavioral principles in a group setting.

A group formed to help individuals extend their self–understanding and improve their relationships with others

A skill development training intervention in which individuals interact in unstructured group settings and then analyze the dynamics of that interaction.

A form of sensitivity training that provides individuals with the opportunity to gain deep interpersonal intimacy with other group members.

A group of people who meet regularly to help one another cope with or overcome a problem they hold in common

when people experience a tragedy/grief/sadness and realize that other people feel the same way (universality of the problem) they began to feel hope

when an individual is experiencing particularly negative outcomes, these individuals can serve as targets for downward social comparison. Such comparisons reduce group members’ won sense of victimization and can raise their overall sense of self-esteem.

individuals who are coping well with many difficulties and these upward social comparison targets can encourage members by symbolizing the possibility of progress.

Aconceptualization of learning developed by Albert Bandura that describes the processes by which new behaviors are acquired by observing and imitating the actions displayed by models, such as parents and peers.

The processes by which new behaviors are acquired by observing and imitating the actions displayed by models, such as parents and peers

A relatively large aggregation or group of individuals who display similarities in action and outlook.

A temporary gathering of individuals usually in a public place, who are present in the same general vicinity and share a common focus

The spontaneous outbreak of atypical thoughts, feelings, or actions in a group or aggregation, including psychogenic illness, common hallucinations and bizarre actions.

the general direction in which the attitudes, interests and actions of a large segment of a population change over time, including fashion trends, fads and crazes.

A collective movement making a deliberate, organized attempt to achieve a change or resist a change in a social system.

An explanation of collective behavior suggesting that the uniformity in behavior often observed in collectives is caused by members’ conformity to unique normative standards that develop spontaneously in those groups.

A gathering of people in a public location whose members torment, tease or goad others.