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How is an isometric contraction different from from an isotonic contraction?
The isometric muscle contraction has no change in length, while the isotonic muscle contraction has a tension amount that is less than the load
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What type of information is carried by the afferent nervous system?
Afferent nervous system carries sensory info from receptors to CNS
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What type of info is carried bye the efferent nervous system?
Efferent nervous system carries moto info from CNS to effectors
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How does continuous propagation work?
- -initial segment depolarizes to +30mv
- -na+ ions diffuse along axon & bring segment #2 to threshold
- -many na+ channels open; segment #2 depolarizes to +30mv
- -segment #3 to threshold, etc
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How does saltatory propagation?
- -initial segment depolarizes to +30mv
- -na+ ions diffuse to depolarizes 1st node to threshold
- -node #1 depolarizes to +30mv
- -na+ ions diffuse & bring node #2 to threshold
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List the three meningeal layers in order from outside to inside.
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
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What type of neurons travel through the dorsal root?
sensory neurons
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What type of neurons travel through the ventral root?
motor neurons
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The dorsal root and ventral root merge to form:
spinal nerve
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What structures are innervated by the axons that travel through the dorsal ramus?
the skin and skeletal muscles of the back
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What structures are innervated by the axons that travel through the ventral ramus?
- ventrolateral body surface
- structures in the body wall
- the limbs
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Will the white ramus contain myelinated or unmyelinated axons?
myelinated axons
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True or False: The gray ramus will contain unmyelinated axons.
True
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List four examples of activities controlled by the general reflex centers.
- sneezing
- coughing
- vomiting
- swallowing
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What do the two superior colliculi provide?
reflex response to visual stimuli
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What do the two inferior colliculi provide?
reflex response to auditory stimuli
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What is the function of the habenular nuclei?
emotional response to odors
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What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and what role does that hormone play in the human body?
- melatonin
- regulates your daily sleeping and waking cycles
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The region of the brain which determines what sensory information you are made aware of and what gets "tuned out" is called the:
thalamus
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Your satiety center is located in which hypothalamic nucleus?
ventromedial nucleus
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Which nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates appetite and releases hormones that control the pituitary gland?
arcuate nucleus
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The thirst center and internal thermostat of the human body is located in which hypothalamic nucleus?
anterior nucleus
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The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates your:
daily circadian patterns
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Are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?
myelinated
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Will the postganglionic fibers be myelinated or unmyelinated?
unmyelinated
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Are parasympathetic preganglionic fibers long or short?
long
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Will the parasympathetic postganglionic fibers be long or short?
short
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The parasympathetic division is also known as the:
feed and breed, or resting division
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The neurotransmitter released by parasympathetic preganglionic and postganglionic fibers is:
acetylcholine
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What type of receptor is on the parasympathetic postganglionic neuron?
nicotinic receptor
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What happens when acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor?
sodium channels open causing the postganglionic neuron to depolarize
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What class of receptor is on the target tissue in the parasympathetic division?
muscarinic receptor
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What does the muscarinic receptor effect?
potassium permeability; if potassium leaves, target tissue will repolarize
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Effects of parasympathetic activation:
- constriction of airways
- constriction of pupils
- decreased metabolic rate
- decreased HR and BP
- increased smooth muscle contraction
- increased urinary activity
- increased blood flow to the reproductive system
- increase in nutrient absorptio
- nincrease in secretion from the digestive glands
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Are sympathetic preganglionic fibers long or short?
short
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Will sympathetic postganglionic fibers be long or short?
long
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The short preganglionic neurons are sometimes called the:
thoracolumbar division
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What is the function of an alpha 1 receptor?
increase the release of Ca from the SR, increasing smooth muscle contraction
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What is the function of an alpha 2 receptor?
lowers cAMP levels, inhibitory effect
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What is the function of a beta 1 receptor?
increase HR, BP, metabolism, and lipolysis
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What is the function of a beta 2 receptor?
cause smooth muscle to relax
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What is the function of a beta 3 receptor?
cause an increase in fat breakdown
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What type of receptor is on the sympathetic postganglionic neuron?
nicotinic
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What type of neurotransmitter will sympathetic postganglionic neurons release?
norepinephrine
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What type(s) of receptors are on the target tissue within the sympathetic division?
alpha and beta receptors
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Effects of sympathetic activation:
- decreased rate of digestion
- decreased urinary activity
- decreased blood flow to reproductive organs
- increased HR and BP
- increased sweating
- increased rate of respiration
- increased metabolism
- increased mental alertness
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