Geography December exam

• -Power lets us do work
• -Power to change things

* Fossil fuels

* Water/ hydro

* Wind

* Solar

* Biomass

* Tidal

* Geothermal

* Nuclear

Natural fuel formed in geological past from the remains of living orgamsims

• -300 million years ago, beofre dinosres
• Giant plants died in swamps --> millions of years later burried under dirt & water--> heat + presure + time = coal

• 300-400 million years ago...
• Tiny sea plants and animals died--> their bodys landed on sea floor--> with time coverd with silt &sand --> within 50-100 million years under alot of layers of sand and silt--> heat and pressure turned the crops into oil and gas

drilling down through layers of salt, silt and rock

Sedimentary rock

• accumulation of sediment or organic materials
• ->likely to contain hydrocarbons including:
• *sandstone, limestone, silstone and shale.
• Oil and gas can get trapped in pockets underground such as where the rocks are folded into an umbrella shap.

mixture of hydrocarbons that are highly flammable

made from organic matter fround in geological dformations in the earth

usually blaack or brown

• natural gas
• -lighter form of gas cup over the patraleam

crud oil extracted from ground by drilling--> sent to refinery--> boiled/distiled into separte parts/fractions

• A mixture of hydrocarbons
• Made by upgrading bitumen from oil sands

• Solid or semi-solid petroleum that cannot be pumped without being:
• * heated
• *diluted (Make (a liquid) thinner or weaker by adding water )

• Industrial procces plant where crude oil is processed and retined into usful petruleum products:
• * gasoline
• *asptalt
• *diesel fuel

Hydroelectricity

Nuclear power plant

Thermal power

Mechanical energy is produced by: dierctiong/harnessing/channeling moving water

Water accumulated in reservoirs (dams)-->released ---> flows through pipe/penstock---> pushes against blades of the turbine--> rotating the generator---> produce energy.

Energy from the nucleus of an atom

Nuclear fission: Atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms releasing energy

Fission generates heat in reactor--->heat boils water into steam--->steam turns huge turbine blades---> turning of turbine blades generates energy---> make electricty.--->steam changed back into water--->cooled in sepoarate structure--->reused

• yes
• the water is sent to a separat structure at the power plant and is cooled down in a tower then reused

Nuclear FISSION

Not Nuclear fusion !!!

Nuclear power plan uses the heat given off fission as fuel, instead of burning fuel to produce electricty.

• short viresion
• Thermal power plant -> stored chemical energy in ff/rediactive substance--> converted into thermal energy (heat), mechanical energy (steam)--->electrical energy

• convires transport coal into power plant---> passes through pollwoires which grines coal into powder---> furnes burns coal---> pipes surronding the furnes whihc are fild with water---> water boills until turns into steam---> steam is transfered under great pressure and high speed through larg pipes-->turns generator---> produce electricty.
• steam is colled by cold water from nar by lake and reused again and again

Heat

Steam

Organisation of 12 diffrenet countries which export Petroleum

• -Protect intrest of it's member contries
• -claiming to ensure stabilzed prices international oil markets -view to elimenate harmfull and unessery fluctuations in prices

• being an efficent and reguler supplier of petroleum consuming nations
• while at the same time ensuring a fair return of their capital petruleum investors

1970s

US decision to resupply the Israel military during the Yom Kippur war

oil embargo against the USA and Western Eroupe

• promise of negotiation settlement between Israel and syria was sufficent to convince arab oil producers
• leave the embaro in march 1974

Israel agreed to pull out of some parts of the Golan Heights

• -OPEC has lost some of it's power to other oil producing contries
• -Motiviates people to look for alternative enrgy
• -Developing contries have great effect on developed contries

• Formal explicit agreement among competing companies to work together fixing prices.
• *the membersagree to sell their product/service at the same price contrulling the supply of product to customers and territoriess dividing profits among all members of cartel.

coagreement collusion

• Russia
• Saudia Arabia
• United States
• China
• Iran

• U.S.
• China
• Japan
• India
• Russian federation

• Self sufficient:
• because then the countrie will not have to relie on unstable oil resources worring that there might not be reciving oil the next day or be blackmaild to do something against their will

• Benefits
• They don't have to pay for transportaion,
• avoid possible accidents on the way (subatage)
• they get to decied on their own prices creating more stable econmy

Crude oil that flows naturally or that can be pumped without being heated or diluted

• -Oil that is does not naturally flow or can be pumped
• -produced or extracted using techniques other than the traditional oil well method.
• -Needs to be converted into conventional oil by human hand using heat water and pressure instead of it happening natruly by earth

relses CO₂

solid or semi-solid petroleum that cannot be pumped without being heated or diluted

-causes global warming of the Earth surface due to CO2 and other gases in atmosphere that trap the heat of the sun

-CO2, Methane, Nitrous oxide, water vapour

• -cause from:
• human activity, volcanoes, ocean currents, cloud cover

• -International agreement setting targets for industrialized countries to cut their greenhouse emissions
• *CO₂
• *Methane

• U.S.
• Canada

• #1 hurt the economy
• -developing countries don't have to reach any specific target
• -China and India also don't have any specific targets
• -Not want to be embersed of not meeting the critria
• -Want to make a new protocol were all countries have to sign the contract decrese greenhouse emmissions

Point were oil is used/extracted the most and the amount of oil decreses

Manitoba-Hydroelectricity plant

USA-Coal

• Land area that drains into a common body of water
• EX: lake,river, rain, snow

Water flows down from highest points to lowest point into a common lowest point water shed

• 
• 

Line that connects the highest points in an area

• Pacific
• Arctic
• Atlantic
• Hudson Bay
• Gulf of Mexico

• -Habitat for plants aand animals
• -Nutrition
• -Economic benefits
• -clean water: help maintain overall health of the eneviorment by filtering and controlling the water that passes through them.

• Commercial
• Non commercial

Tress harvested for profit

Trees not suitable for harvest/ grow to far apart for profitable harvest

• -they are found in northern portion
• -area colder climet = bad harder soil

• -In southern portion
• -Area with a good climate and soil for harvesting larg quantity of trees (ground contains more nutrition)

• -Clear cutting
• -Shelterwood logging
• -Selective cuting

Cuting/ removing all trees in an area leaving the landscape barren

*barren-too poor to provid alot or any vegetion

• -soil left barren, making it more difficulte to grow new vegetion
• -potential for erosion

• -cutting up to 70% of the trees in an area
• - leaving small patches of old growth to provide seeds for regeneration
• -done in places were trees have grown relatively evenly

• -more costly
• -time consuming

• -Only certain type/ size of tree is harvested
• -Many trees are left to stabilize water flow and erosion

• -Very costly
• -Extremely time consuming
• -Reforestration: harder for new trees to grow due to compation with allready mature trees for resurces and sunlight.

*The implecation of the term developed and developing is that developing countries will attain developed status at some point un the future*

• -Gross domestic products per capital (GDP) $+4000
• -Political economic stability -human health
• -Humen development index (HDI)
• -Economic stability

• many countries dislike the compering 'developed countries' to 'undeveloped countries' becasue:
• they do not desire to follow/develop the traditional 'Western' model of economic development

• -Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• -Achieve universal primary education
• -promote gender equality and empower women
• -reduce child mortality
• -improve maternal health
• -combat HIV aids malaria and other
• -enure enviromental sustainability
• -develop a global partnership for development

• -buying goods and services mainly to display income or wealth.
• -In a mind of conspicuous consumer this means reaching or keeping certine level of social status.

• Choose a more simple life were level of consumption is lowerd deliberatly no matter what is the previuse statuse level is high/low

• Slow down fast pace life reflect on past present and future.
• Retriving from some of the daily activeits to find more self and family time, reducing stress.

• Minerals which are refined from the group of materials known as metal
• some are: Precious metals: gold, silver,bronze, platinum... Strength: Iron Unique properties: Copper (excelent conductor of electricity)

• Possess useful qualities which are not metalic
• Industrial minerals: gravel,potash soapstone, salt,asbestos, diamonds. each of the minerals has unque qualitty that makes them useful

change from governmental to private control or ownership

changing something from private to state ownership or contro

• Energy sources which are not conventional (Fossil fuels) donot relese CO₂.
• Includes: solar, wind, wave, tidal, hydroelectric and geothermal

• -Water liquid --> gas
• -Occurs only on the surface of a liquid
• -Occurs when surface of liquid is exposed allowing molecules to escape = form water vapour --> rise up and form a cloud

• water vapour --> liquid
• Generally occures in atmosphere
• warm air rises -->cools lossing its capacity to hold water vapour
• extra water vapour condenses forming cloud droplets

• -movment of water through atmosphere over oceans-land
• -some of the earth moisture transport is visible as clouds
• -consist of ice crystals and tiny water droplets
• -propelled from place to place by: jet streams/ land and sea breezes

• primary way of water transport
• atmosphere-->surface
• forms: rain, hail snow,freezing rain

• similar to precipition
• loss of water vapour from parts of plants (like sweating)
• mainly from leaves but also from: steams, flowers, roots

• Subterranean water is held in cracks and pore spaces
• groundwater can flow to support streams
• can be tapped by wells

Leavel at which water stands in a shallow well

• Econmy
• pro:
• renewable
• creats renenve
• cheap & reliable for companies
• flood control, imigation
• con:
• costly
• larg amount of public money

• Equity
• pros:
• provide cheap power for local people and for export
• provides jobs
• cons:
• flood destroys trapping &fishing
• safety hazards of high voltage power lines that are near communities
• Envioment
• pro:
• no CO2 emissions
• renewable energy
• con:
• alter the seasonal flows of some rivers which impact wildlife and natural flooding
• lands flooded to creat dams
• aquatic life can be killed

• Fossil fuels are needed to build dams
• Displace people and animal species
• Rivers carry nutrients which important for soil to grow food and allow rainwater to rechatge the aquifer