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Phylum Hemichordata alternate name? Characteristics? Embryology?
- AKA “Lesser deuterostome”
- Dorsal nerve tube, gill slits, notochord
- Eucoelomate
- Acorn worm has characteristics of chordates and echinoderms (proboscis, trunk, and collar)
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5 main characteristics of chordates
- Notochord
- Dorsal nerve tube
- Pharyngeal gill slits (or pouches)
- Thyroid gland (endostyle)
- Postanal tail
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Notochord characteristics + layers?
- Flexible rod that allows forward/backward movement
- Notochord becomes vertebral column in humans
- Layer 1 is living cells
- Layer 2 (fibrous sheath) is connective tissue
- Layer 3 (elastic sheath) is connective tissue
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What is a cladogram?
Branching diagram showing the pattern of sharing evolutionary derived characteristics among species of higher taxa
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Describe the evolution/formation of the gill
- Originally comprised of pharynx and mouth
- Pharynx becomes powerful, and gill slits are added behind pharynx
- Pharynx and gill slits developed capillaries to allow for respiration
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Subphylum Urochordata organism? Characteristics?
- Tunicata
- Has tunic (outer layer) made of cellulose!!
- Free swimming larva
- Adults are sessile
- Notochord and tail disappear in adult
- Endostyle secretes mucus
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Subphylum Cephalochordata organism? Characteristics?
- Amphioxus
- All 5 characteristics of chordates
- No heart, but still has closed circulatory system
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Subphylum vertebrata organism? Characteristics?
- Lamprey
- Living endoskeleton (internal)
- Pharynx and efficient respiration
- Close circulatory system with capillaries
- Paired limbs (important evolutionary adaptation)
- Advance nervous system (important evolutionary adaptation)
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Lamprey subphylum? Characteristics? Tail?
- Subphylum vertebrata
- Largest ectoparasite on earth (attaches to fish gill)
- Anadromous
- Diphycercal caudal fin
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Anadromous vs catadromous + examples?
- Anadromous: fish that migrates from the ocean to fresh water stream to spawn (salmon, lamprey)
- Catadromous: fish that migrate from fresh water to the ocean to spawn (eel)
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Study of fish? Body temperature regulation? Types? Evolutionary aspect?
- Icthyology
- Ectothermic (body temp changes based on environment. Not identical, but influenced)
- Jawless fish: Hagfish and Lamprey
- Jawed fish: bony or cartilaginous
- Vertebral column replaced the notochord
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Information about a shark?
- Cartilaginous fish with jaw and teeth
- Ampullary organs of Lorenzini: located throughout animal, but most concentrated in the head. Electrochemical sensors that detect vibration in water
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3 types of caudal fin w/ small description and examples
- Heterocercal: two parts look different (shark)
- Diphycercal: 3 lobed, looks rounded (lung fish, lamprey)
- Homocercal: two parts look same (perch, bass)
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4 types of scales w/ types of fish (not specific)
- Placoid: cartilaginous fish
- Ganoid: nonteleost fish (ancient fish, have bone)
- Ctenoid: teleost fish (modern bony fish)
- Cycloid: teleost fish (modern bony fish)
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Amphibians – name of study? Characteristics? Special anatomy? Reproduction?
- Herpetology
- Amphibians have 1 portion of life in water and 1 portion of life on land
- Ectothermic (body temp changes based on environment. Not identical, but influenced)
- 3 chambered heart (2 atria, 1 ventricle + spiral valve[keeps blood separate])
- Some have poisonous skin
- Respiration via mouth , skin, and lung
- Brain has 10 cranial nerves
- Amplexus: male clasps female and fertilizes eggs as they’re shed (frogs)
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Reptiles – name of study? Characteristics? Special anatomy?
- Herpetology
- First vertebrates on land (first invertebrates were Arthropods)
- Occipital condyle
- Three chambered heart (except crocodilians have four)
- Brain has 12 cranial nerves
- Outside temperature determines the sex of the animal (warm – male, cold – female)
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3 Types of skulls?
- Anapsid skull: no additional opening behind orbit (turtle)
- Synapsid skull: 1 opening behind orbit (mammals)
- Diapsid skull: 2 openings behind orbit (birds)
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Avians – name of study? Body temperature regulation? Ancient bird? Special anatomy?
- Ornithology
- Endothermic (body temperature doesn’t change based on external temperature)
- Archaeopteryx lithographica
- Sternum and keel (bone where many flight wings attach)
- All have feathers
- Not all can fly
- Different types of feather (know vane type)
- Different patterns of wings
- Air sacs act as a reservoir which makes the animals “like a balloon”
- Hollow bones (mostly spongy, very little compact)
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Mammals – egg laying? Marsupials? Hair info? Body temperature regulation? Digestive system info?
- Only 2 – spiny anteater and duck-billed platypus
- Have sac to keep young (opossum, kangaroo)
- Functions of hair: protection, insulation, behavior
- Homeothermic: body temperature does not change
- Anapsid, diapsids, and synapsids
- All have teeth except whales/anteaters
- Insectivores, herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores
- Cecum: storage place for food after chewing w/ some digestion (insectivores have no cecum, herbivores have huge cecum, omnivores/carnivores have small cecum)
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Ma Earth’s party timeline
- 5:00 AM – bacteria and cyanobacteria
- 6:30 PM – first animals
- 9:00 PM – Fish and shell fish
- 9:15 PM – Corals
- 10:00 PM – amphibians
- 10:15 PM – insects
- 10:20 PM – reptiles
- 10:45 PM – Dinosaurs
- 11:00 PM – Birds and small mammals
- 11:38 – Dinosaur/other animal extinction
- 11:58 PM – Hominids
- 11:59:30 PM - Humans
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