-
High altitudes may produce hypoxemia by:
decreased oxygen inspiration
-
In ARDS, increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability is caused by:
- a, b, and c are correct
- platelet activating factor, oxygen free radicals, tumor necrosis factor
-
Type II pneumocyte damage causes:
decreased surfactant production
-
Pulmonary edema may be caused by abnormal:
- a,b, and c are correct
- capillary hydrostatic pressure, capillary oncotic pressure, and capillary permeability
-
In bronchiole asthma:
bronchial muscles contract
-
In emphysema:
None of the above are correct
-
Which is inconsistent with pneumonia?
involves only interstitial lung tissue
-
Pulmonary hypertension:
- Both a and c are correct
- occurs when left arterial pressure is elevated, shows right ventricular hypertrophyon an ECG
-
Cor pulmonale:
- a, b, and c are correct
- occurs in reponse to long-standing pulmonary hypertension, is right heart failure, is manifested by altered tricuspid and pulmonic valve sounds
-
a lung cancer characterized by many anaplatic figures and the production of hormones is most likely:
small cell carcinoma
-
The metastasis of lung squamous cell carcinoma is:
late
-
The functional unit of the kidney is the:
nephron
-
One unique feature of renal blood circulation is that:
there are two sets of capillaries
-
Which has the opposite effect on urine production from the others?
decreased solutes in blood
-
The GFR is regulated by the:
All of the above are correct
-
The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they:
branch from and drain into arterioles
-
Which is not a function of the kidney?
Urine storage
-
Potassium is secreted by the____ and reabsorbed by the_____.
distal convuluted tubule; proximal convuluted tubule
-
ADH causes water to
- Both a and b are correct
- diffuse into the ascending limb of the vasa recta, return to the systemic circulation
-
Water reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate initially enters the
vasa recta
-
Plasma contains a much greater concentration of ____than the glomerular filtrate
protein
-
An increase in water permeability of the distal convuluted tubules and collection duct is the result of:
an increase in production of ADH
-
The descending loop of the nephron allows
water reabsorption
-
Which most accurately describes the pressures affecting net glomerular filtration?
Blood hydrostatic opposes capsular hydrostatic and blood oncotic
-
Tubular secretion of urea is accompllished in the:
distal convuluted tubule
-
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that:
secretion adds material to the filtrate; reabsorption removes material from the filtrate
-
If a small person excretes about 1 liter of urine during a 24 hour period, estimate the total amount of glomerular filtrate formed
100 liters
-
The loop of henle is to vasa recta as convoluted tubules are to:
peritubular capillaries
-
The two "currents" used in the countercurrent exchange system are the:
ascending and descending limbs
-
The countercurrent exchange system:
facilitates osmosis
-
Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF):
increases urine output
-
A waste product of protein metabolism is:
urea
-
a new menstrual cycle has a rise in levels of:
FSH
-
In a complete fraction
the fracture crosses or invilves the entire width or thickness of the bone
-
In an oblique fracture, the energy or force is:
compressive and at an angle
-
Which is a definite sign of a fracture?
unnatural alignment
-
Secondary muscular dysfunctions:
- Both b and c are correct
- can display contractures, result from failure of calcium pump
-
the most common cause of osteomyelitis is:
direct contamination of an open wound
-
Osteoporosis pathogenesis involves:
alteration in the OPG/RANKL/RANK system
-
Osteomalacia causes
- Both b and c are correct
- inadequate mineralization, radiolucency
-
Bone tumors may originate from all of the following except:
epithelial tissue
-
In benign bone tumors, there is:
a uniform and well defined lytic area
-
An osteosarcoma is a:
osteogenic, malignant tumor
-
A major symptom of bone cancer is a:
persistent pain that worsens at night
-
Giant cell tumors:
have high recurrent rates
-
Myeloma:
- a,b, and c are correct
- is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells, has a poor prognosis, infiltrates the bone marrow
-
Rheumatoid arthritis begins with:
destruction of the synovial membrane and subsynovia tissue
-
In gout:
- all of the above are correct
- the pathogenesis is formation of monosodium urate crystals in joints and tissues, purine metabolism is altered, affected individuals likely have an inherited enzyme defect, the hyperuricemia can be the result of acquired chronic disease or a drug
-
A muscle contracture is:
muscle shortening possibly because of CNS injury
-
Myotonia is all of the following except:
unresponsiveness to neural stimulation
-
Rhabdomyoosarcomas have:
- All of the above are correct
- a poor prognosis, aggressive invasion, early, widespread dissemination, pleomorphic types
-
Progesterone:
maintains the thickened endometrium
-
The ovaries produce:
Ova and estrogen
-
During which days of the menstrual cycle does the endometrium achieve maximum development?
20 to 24
-
Hormones necessary for the growth and development of femal breasts are:
estrogens and progesterone
-
The structure that releases a mature ovum is the:
Graafian follicle
-
A major duct of the female reproductive system is the:
uterine tube
-
Prostate is to the accessory gland as gonad is to the
ovary
-
cells that produce testeoterone are called:
interstitial endocrinocytes
-
The function of testosterone includes:
all of the following
-
Immediately after the sperm cells leave the ductus epididymis they enter the:
ductus deferens
-
a substance produced in the reproductive system mainly by the bulborethral glands is:
mucus
-
During the follicular/proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle
vascularity of breast tissue increases
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