SI110-Final Exam

• Principles of becoming a trustworthy information creator:
• Be thorough
• Be accurate
• Be civil and fair
• Be transparent

• Principles of becoming an active user:
• Be skeptical
• Exercize judgement
• Open your mind
• Keep asking questions
• Learn media techniques

Being a critical consumer of information in order to be wary of "crap" (Information tainted by ignorance, inept communication, or deliberate deception)

• Currency: How recent is it?
• Reliability: Are there sources available?
• Authority: Who is the author?
• Purpose/Point of view: Is it biased?

• Ability to recognize when information is needed
• Ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information

• Gatekeeping
• One-to-many vs. many-to-many
• Expert-generated vs. user-generated
• Perpetual beta
• Hierarchy vs. network
• Data sparse vs. data rich
• Low cost information tools

• Low-cost information production=distribution of power
• Automation leads to cognitive surplus which can be used to better society

• Organization: ICT leads to more efficient organizing
• Computation on information leads to new forms of action

• Networked information economy frees us from corporate control
• Allows for more individual expression of freedom

Gamification: using game design techniques and mechanics to solve problems and engage audiences

• As machines get better, people get fired
• Web 2.0 concentrates wealth
• Not liesure, unemployment

• Low cost information is value neutral
• Information cascades: conspiracy theories, false beliefs
• Selective exposure

• We are alone together
• Technology devides our attention, causing us to miss human interaction
• We share only crafted versions of ourselves
• Quantity vs. quality communication

• Lanier
• Sunstein
• Turkle
• Schell

• Shirky
• Rheingold
• Benkler

Simple iterative algorithm that counts the number of links that connect to a website. More links=higher rating

• User generated content
• Direct user-to-user interaction
• Bundles of applications

The internet is the infrastructure and the web is an interface that applies the internet.

• Static page
• One-flow of information
• Email, websites, intranet

• Web as a participation platform
• User-generated content
• AJAX
• Flash

• Two-way exchange of information with server in the background
• "Asynchronous JavaScript and XML"

All decisions about the path a packet is going to take are made by a central device (telephone switch or router).

Network efficiency

• Network efficiency: if the device fails, the network fails
• Scalability: as devices are added, the central routing table can become very large and unmanageable

• Many devices maintain parts of the routing table
• Routing protocols ensure effective functioning

Proprietary standards work only with a specific vendor's equipment, while open standards are available for public use and may even include design characteristics.

• Visibility
• Feedback
• Constraints
• Consistency
• Affordance

• Effective to use: doing what it's supposed to
• Efficient to use: supports users in carrying out tasks
• Safe to use
• Having good utility: provides the right kind of functionality
• Easy to learn
• Easy to remember how to use

Mechanically translated a short written work and is widely regarded as the first programmer.

• influential computer scientist who formalized the concepts of "algorithm" and "computation" with the Turing machine
• code-breaker during WWII

• Synchronous: same time
• Asynchronous: different time
• Remote: different place
• Co-located: same place

• Email
• Calendaring
• Shared files
• Distance collaboration

• Approach to Enterprise 2.0:
• Connection
• Collaboration
• Communication
• Cooperation

• Work that strongly depends on the talents of collections of workers
• Nonroutine
• Ambiguous
• Frequent, complex communication among group members
• Short feedback loops
• Constant streams of information

• Less complicated and less frequent interactions
• Common ground about the task goal or procedure
• Fewer descrepencies
• Routine

Some tasks depend on more common ground

• Desparity between who does work and who benefits
• Critical mass and prisoner's dilemma problems
• Social, political, and motivational factors
• Exception handling in work groups
• Designing for infrequently used features
• The underestimated difficulty of evaluating groupware
• The breakdown of intuitive decision-making
• Managing acceptance

Computer-supported cooperative work

• The devide between what we know we must support socially and what we can support socially
• Systems do not allow sufficient nuance
• Systems are not socially flexible
• Systems do not allow sufficient ambiguity

• Rivalry
• Exludability

• Non-excludable
• Non-rivalrous

• Excludable
• Rivalrous

• Excludable
• Non-rivalrous

• Non-excludable
• Rivalrous

Total cost of moving to a new product that may cause lock-in

High fixed costs (sunk costs/expensive to produce) and low marginal costs (cheap to reproduce)

Information is priced based on consumer value, not production costs.

A good which you have to experience in order to value

• Information is experienced as it is consumed
• It is difficult to sample information
• Browsing
• Branding and reputation

• Costs incurred in the activity; includes:
• search and information
• bargaining
• policing and enforcement

The likelihood of switching products

The more users who join, the more others find it useful

When your utility for a product depends on how many other people are using it.

• Trademarks
• Trade secrets
• Patents
• Publicity rights
• Copyrights

A trademark is a symbol or snippet of text used to represent that a company's product or service lasts forever

Patents are the right to exclude others for making/using/selling a product or service for a limited amount of time (20 years)

• Copyrights are the right to exclude others from reproducing, preparing derivatives, performing, distributing, or displaying work for a limited amount of time (life of creator +70 years)
• The expression is protected, not the idea itself

Trade secrets represent classified knowledge (for example the KFC recipe)

Publicity rights represent people's right to control commercial use of their identity (name, image, etc.)

• Copyleft is a play on the word copyright; uses copyright law to offer the right to distribute copied and modified versions of a work and requiring that the same right be preserved in the modified versions.
• Copyleft is a method for making a work free, and requiring that all modified and extended versions be free as well.

Fair use permits limited use of copyrighted material without permission of the author (like commentary, criticism, news reporting, teaching, library archiving, research, and scholarship)

The creative commons is a non-profit organization dedicated to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and share.

Weak ties are loose social connections that have the benefit of diverse worldviews and non-redundant information. Strong ties, on the other hand, involve similarities and redundant information/resources. Bridging ties facilitate information diffusion, while strong ties activism doesn't go far.

• Time sensitivity
• Risk of being wrong
• Complexity of components
• Dimensions of "correct" answer

Info search is carried out to satisfy a particular info need, while browsing has no accociated goal.

• A transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal.
• A transmission medium that carries the signal.
• A receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into useable information.

• In mass media, tools help gatekeepers make one information object to share with a large audience.
• In social media, tools help multiple information creators share information objects with smaller audiences.

• Email
• Usernet: Post articles or news (posts) to newsgroups
• Instant messaging
• IRC (Instant relay chat): File sharing, link sharing, chat

• Acquire
• Parse
• Filter
• Mine
• Represent
• Refine
• Interact

• Controlling access
• Hedgemony
• Cultural imperialism
• Framing

Privacy is the ability to reveal information about oneself selectively.

• Financial
• Internet
• Medical
• Political

• Laws
• Norms
• Markets
• An analog for architecture

The act of sourcing tasks traditionally carried out by specific individuals to a group of people or community through an open call.

Socail capital describes the ability of individuals or groups to access resources from their social network.

Technology reduces the transaction costs of maintaining a large network.

• Reduced distribution cost
• Mobile hardware makes everyone a media producer
• Ubiquity of the tool spread ideas

• It allows you to change
• It affords you the truth

• Hardware is expensive
• Infrastructure doesn't exist/hard to set up

• Protocols are shared rules for exchanging bits that enable devices and networks to speak to each other.
• Protocols work at all layers of the network.

A collection of transmitters, receivers, and transceivers that communicate with each other.

A communication path over an established medium, between two or more points, from end-to-end, between transmitter and receiver.

A device that establishes, maintains, and changes logical connections over physical circuits.

A device that forwards data packets between computer networks

SHEARFACA

Subordinative

Analytic

Copious

Parsimonious

Participatory

Abstract

They didn't exist; they emerged with the rise of Democracy

US Constitution (1778) Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8

US Constitution Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 (Commerce Clause) gave Congress the right to regulate trade

The emergence of modern corporations like Bayer, Ivory Soap and Aspirin in 1860's as knowledge became an asset to protect

Huge growth in literature production followed by Pulp paper and Paige compositor in 1880's which made reproduction of print materials cheaper.

Raw observations and measurements

Created by analyzing relationships and connections in the data

Created by using information for action

Created through the use of knowledge

• The rise of the University
• Printing Press
• Scientific Revolution
• Enlightenment
• US Constitution

Boston Public Library, Dewey, Carnegie