The atomic number of carbon is 6. Therfore, the number of protons in a carbon atom equals _?_.
C. 6
The maximum number of electrons that can be held in an atom's second energy level is _?_.
C. 8
The state of matter in which particles move most rapidly is _?_.
C. Gas
In chemical reactions, the number of each kind of atom in the reactants is _?_.
A. The same as in the products
A solution with a pH of 7 is _?_.
D. Neutral
When a glass is filled to the brim with water, the water appears to buldge from the sides of the glass due to _?_.
C. Surface tension
When liquid water is heated, most of the initial energy that the water absorbs is used to _?_.
C. Break hydrogen bonds
Organic compounds contain _?_.
A. Primarily carbon
A covalent bond that is formed when two atoms share two pairs of electrons is called a _?_.
C. Double bond
Glycogen, starch, and cellulose are examples of _?_.
C. Polysaccharides
The primary function of nucleic acids is _?_.
C. To store and transport important information in a cell
In a cell, the function of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) is to _?_.
A. Store a large amount of energy for cell processes
Distinguish between mass and weight.
Mass is the quantity of matter an object has, and weight is the force produced by gravity acting on mass.
Describe how the particles in an atom are arranged.
The properties of different kinds of atoms determine the structure and properties of the matter they compose.
Describe, in detail, the structure of amino acids. How are amino acids related to proteins.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Amino acids contain a central carbon that are bonded to four other atoms, a single hydrogen atom, carboxyl group, bonds secondly. An amino group bonds third, side chain called r group at fourth site.
Distinguish between covalent and ionic bonds.
An ionic bond is when an ion of opposite charges attracts, covalent bonds happens when 2 atoms share a pair or more of electrons.
Why is ATP referred to as the " energy currency " in living things?
ATP is referred to as energy currecy because the cell needs a constant supply of energy, energy that is stored throughout the overall structure of the cell.
Define ACTIVE SITE
The site on an enzyme that attaches to a substrate.
Define CATALYST
A substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction, without being consumed or changed significantly.
Define ENZYME
A type of protein or RN molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions in plant and animals without being permanently changed or destroyed.
Define HYDROGEN BOND
The intermolecular force occuring when a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electro negative atom of one molecule is attached to two unshared electrons of another molecule.
Define MACROMOLECULE
A very large organic molecule, usually a polymer, compound of hundreds of thousands of atoms.
Define MONOMER
A simple molecule that can combine with other like or unlike molecules to make a polymer.
Define OXIDATION REACTION
A chemical reaction in which a reactant loses one or more electrons such that the reactant becomes more positive in charge.
Define POLAR
Describes a molecule with opposite charges on opposite ends.
Define POLYMER
A larger molecule that is formed by more than 5 monomers of small units.
Define REDUCTION REACTION
A chemical reaction in which electrons are organized either by the removal of of oxygen, the addition of hydrogen or the addition of electrons.
Define SUBSTRATE
A part substance or element that lies beneath and supports another part, substance, or element; the reactant in reactions catalyzed by enzymes.
Composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates
Contain one or more polypeptides
Proteins
Contain twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon atoms
Carbohydrates
DNA
Nucleic acid
Glycogen
Carbohydrates
Phospholipids
Lipids
Polymers of amino acids
Proteins
Polymers of nucleotides
Nucleic acid
RNA
Nucleic acid
Starch
Carbohydrates
Steroids
Lipids
Store and transfer important cell information
Nucleic acid
Triglycerides
Lipids
Unbranched carbon chains of fatty acids
Lipids
Waxes
Lipids
Which term does not belong in the group? Why?
Liquid, compound, gas, sold
Compound
A compound does not belong in the 3 stages of matter.
Which term does not belong in the group? Why?
Solution, solvent, solute, atom
Atom
Atom does not belong because it can not be dissolved in a liquid.
0 - 14 the higher the less acidic, the lower the more acidic.
Define ACID
Any compound that increases the number of hydronium ions when disolved in water.
Define ACTIVATION ENERGY
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Define ADHESION
The attractive force between two bodies of different substances that are in contact with eachother.
Define BASE
Any compound that increases the number of hydroxide ions when disolved in water.
Define BUFFER
A solution made from a week acid and its conjugate base that neutralizes small amounts of acids or bases added to it.
Define CAPILLARITY
The attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a liquid in small tubes.
Define CHEMICAL REACTION
The process by which one or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.
Define COHESION
The force that holds molecules of a single material.
Define CONCENTRATION
The amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or more.
Define FUNCTIONAL GROUP
The portion of a molecule that is active in a chemical reaction and that determines the polypeptides of many organic compounds.
Define HYDRONIUM ION
An ion consisting of a proton combined with a molecule of water.
Define HYDROXIDE ION
The OH- ion.
Define ORGANIC COMPOUND
A covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonites and oxides.
Define pH SCALE
A range of values that are used to express acidility or alkalinity of a system; each whole number on the scale indicates a tenfold change in adicity: pH of 7 is neutral, pH of less than 7 is acidic, pH of more than 7 is basic.
Define SATURATED SOLUTION
A solution that can not dissolve any more solute under the given conditions.
Amount of matter in an object
Mass
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Matter
Atom that has more or less neutrons than another atom of the same element
Isotope
Electrically charged particle
Ion
For the same element, an atom that has a different mass from another atom
Mass number
Group of atoms held together by chemical forces
Bond
Neutral atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
Isotope
Simplest particle of an element
Molecule
Substance made of atoms of two or more elements
Compound
Substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
