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Central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord collectively
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Major function of neuron?
transmit nerve impulses from one part of the body to another
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Sensory (afferent) neuron
neuron that conducts impulses toward the CNS from the body periphery
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Motor (efferent) neuron
neuron that conducts impulses away from the CNS to muscles and glands
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ganglion
collection of nerve cell bodies found outside the CNS
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interneuron
neuron serving as part of the conduction pathway between sensory and motor neurons
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neuroglia
specialized supporting cells in the CNS (nerve glue)
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neurotransmitters
chemicals released by neurons that stimulate or inhibit other neurons or effectors
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peripheral nervous system
ganglia and spinal and cranial nerves
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synapse
junction or point of close contact between neurons
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axon
impulse generator and transmitter
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axon terminal
secretes neurotransmitters
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axon hillock
region of the cell body from which the axon originates
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dendrite
receptive region of a neuron
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myelin sheath
insulates the nerve fibers
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neurofibril
may be involved in the transport of substances within the neuron
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neuronal cell body
site of the nucleus and most important metabolic area
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Nissl bodies
essentially rough ER, important metabolically
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What substance is found in synaptic vesicles of the axon terminal?
neurotransmitters
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The glial cell that makes myelin in the CNS is?
oligodendricyte
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When the inside of the cell membrane becomes more positive it is said to be?
hyperpolarization (away from zero)
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Which nervous system division deals with the "Fight and Flight" response?
sympathetic
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What is it called when the stimulus jumps from node to node?
saltatory conduction
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What type of neuron do we find in the retina, olfactory epithelium and the ear?
bipolar
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What two ions are used to determine the change in membrane charge?
Na and K
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What autoimmune disease causes a shunting or short-circuiting of the neurons?
multiple sclerosis
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A substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is?
neurotransmitter
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The part of a neuron that normally receives stimuli is called?
dendrite
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A neural circuit in which a single impulse is transmitter over and over is a?
repetitive circuit
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Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open?
potassium
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The primary auditory cortex is found in the?
temporal cortex
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The fissure seperating the cerebral hemispheres is the?
longitudinal fissure
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A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called?
sulcus
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The brain stem consists of the?
midbrain, medulla, and pons
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Functions of the nervous system?
Sensory input, integration, motor output
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What does the white matter consist of?
dense collections of myelinated fibers
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What does the gray matter consist of?
mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
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Two main types of ion channels?
- Leakage (nongated) channels- always open
- Gated channels (3 types)
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3 types of gated channels?
- chemically- open with binding of specific neurotransmitter
- voltage- open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
- mechanically- open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors
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What is the resting membrane potential of a resting cell?
-70 mV
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depolarization
reduction in membrane potential toward zero
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Difference between graded and action potentials along membrane?
- graded- incoming short-distance signals
- action- long-distance signals of axons
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The steps involved in action potential?
- resting state
- depolarization
- repolarization
- hyperpolarization
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the synapse
junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron: to another neuron, or to an effector cell
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