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Hemorrhage & dehydration cause a decrease in ____?
Circulation blood volume & decreased SVR
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right heart failure
blood backs up into the systemic circulation
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left heart failure
blood backs up into the pulmonary circulation
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What causes first S1 heart sound?
During ventricular diastole the atrioventricular (mitral & tricuspid) valves open & blood flows from atria to ventricles
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What causes S2 heart sound?
During systolic phase, semilunar (aortic & pulmonic) valves open & blood flows form ventricles to aorta & pulmonary arteries.
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Cardiac enzymes
creatine kinase, cardiac troponins I & T
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Formula for cardiac output
CO = SV x HR
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Supraventricular dysrhythmias
abnormal impulses originating above ventricles that have abnormal P waves
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P wave
electrical conduction through atria
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PR interval
AV to bundle of HIS to Purkinje
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QRS complex
impulse through ventricles
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QT interval
ventricular depolarization & repolarization
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conduction of heart pathway
SA node > AV node > Bundle of His > Purkinje fibers
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How body adapts to hypovolemia?
increases heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction to increase volume of blood returned to heart thereby increasing cardiac output
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Left sided heart failure s/s
fatigue, breathlessness (often at rest), dizziness, confusion, crackles, hypoxia, cough, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Right sided heart failure s/s
weight gain, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dependent perepheral edema
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CK lab values
- Male: 55-170
- Female: 30-135
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Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia
sudden rapid onset of tachycardia origination above AV node. Can be caused by excitement, fatigue, caffeine, smoking,etc.
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Life threatening rhythms
ventricular tachycardia & ventricular fibrillation
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Cardiac Index
- more precise measure of cardiac output
- takes into account tissue perfusion & client's body surface area
- Normal range is 2.5-4.0 per m2
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