ENG Final Part 2

• Considered one of the most beloved American folk tales
• Scholars used it to discuss Irving's view of women
• First American sci fi story
• Connection to European fairy tales and symbols
• Example of a "common man" story

• Ichabod Crane is an anti-hero
• Brom Van Brunt is the hero
• People get "stuck" in the town
• Based on a German folktale

• Forest- the unknown, the psyche
• Pink Ribbon- purity, symbol of wife
• Wife (Faith)- faith, loss of faith in humanity
• Staff- evil
• The Journey- curiosity, change of outlook

• Birthmark- flaw, mortality
• Assistant- the better man, what should have been
• Husband- scientific progress, society's concept of beauty

Loss of birthmark=loss of humanity

• Born in Salem, Mass
• Changed name (Hathorne to Hawthorne) to distance self from family
• Secluded himself for 12 years to work on his writing
• Published Twice Told Tales
• Published The Scarlet Letter- people were scandalized
• The Scarlet Letter cements his status as a major literary figure

• Nature is where we can reclaim ourselves
• Nature is the opposite of technology, industrialism, and artificiality
• Using your own spiritual intuition is better than relying on recieved religious doctrine
• All people deserve equal rights

• Outgrowth of myths, legends, and fairy tales (especially German tales)
• Literature of self awareness and psychology
• Heavy use of symbolism
• Theme of Nature as refuge, escape, and source of knowledge
• Strong emotional intensity in characters
• Pattern of punishment and reward
• Plots focused on crisis moments
• Focus on writing as "organic"
• New forms of writing (new poetry, genres, and voices) are being developed
• Beginning of literary criticism and consideration of art's purpose
• Writers begin to live off their writing
• Authors wanted to break away from Greek and Roman styles and prove their writing was just as good as the Europeans'
• Developed as a backlash to Revolutionary literature- people wanted stories, not facts

• "Noble" savage
• Alienated artist
• Common man as hero

• Gothic literature
• Transcendental literature
• New poetry

• Lived in a protective and loving home- family was well-read and widely knowledgeable
• First generation American
• Began by mimicking the styles of other authors, especially Shakespeare
• Published A History of New York, a parody of history books- popular because of ad campaign
• Sir Walter Scott suggested Irving use German folk tales for his second book, The Sketch Book
• In later years, he wrote spanish histories and biographies, tales of the American frontier, and biographies of famous individuals

• First American fiction writer
• Established American satirical humor
• Established situational humor
• Established American Gothic style
• Influenced Twain and Poe

• His connection to Salem Witch Trials and Puritanism
• His interest in Transcendentalism and Romanticism
• His concerns about the Second Great Awakening

Hawthorne

• 1. Concern over one's soul, inquiry into salvation
• 2. Spiritual Fear, anxiety to be saved
• 3. Conviction, or certainty that one is justly damned for one's sins and does not deserve salvation
• 4. The moment of full repentance and surrender to God results in salvation (moment of conversion)

• Depended on an individual's spiritual conversion
• The process focuses on the emotional experience of conversion
• Reintroduced the Puritanical idea of sin, damnation, and salvation
• Movement among Protestants

• Parents were poor actors
• Orphaned and brought up by the Allan family, a successful family
• Received a formal primary education
• Went to UVA and West Point but dropped out due to lack of funds and gambling debt
• Married Virginia Clemm, cousin (age 13)
• Unfair criticism leaves his legacy forgotten until 1940s

• Goethe- Organisms exist in unity, not hierarchy
• Coleridge- Art must express the common man's experience and feelings
• Dislike of Transcendentalism

A combination of horror and romance

• Terror or primal emotions created in reader and characters
• Secrets
• Ghosts
• Haunted Houses
• Death as reality and symbol
• Decay of bodies and buildings
• Doubles (twins)
• Madness/insanity
• Villian is otherworldly or grotesque
• Hero is romantic artist or antihero

• Authors are not "divinely inspired"
• Writing takes work

• The resolution and emotional effect must be decided before the writer begins to write
• A reader should be able to complete the work in one sitting for full emotional effect
• The length of the work should be proportional to its emotional effect
• Writings need to appeal to the largest audience possible
• Writings must turn on some point
• Variation of a format/refrain helps to build a climax

• Beauty is a universal theme
• Sadness is a universal tone
• Death of a beautiful woman is the best theme to have

A 19th century movement in Europe and America in which realistic incidents and experiences serve as a mirror for society

• Mostly novels
• Focus on low and middle classes
• Focus on the common, everyday world and its experiences
• Usually humorous
• Meant as a way to understand different classes and to affect social change
• Reaction to Romanticism- people wanted more realistic depictions of life
• Has a hard edge and a grittiness

The more stories read of individual, everyday life, the more clear the entire picture of society

• Mark Twain
• Edith Wharton

Psychological Realism (The Yellow Wallpaper)

• Essays
• Speeches
• Narratives
• Diaries
• Novels
• Political Documents

• Everyone- north and south- was experiencing trauma
• Even greater class divides develop
• Class divides feed into Realist literature
• Westward expansion makes people interested in accounts of people who have moved west
• Increase in educational institutions
• Emphasis on becoming an educated citizen
• Political and workplace corruption run rampant
• Automated processes are more regulated
• Organized mail system
• Telephone invented

• Re-interest in European art and culture
• Strong influence of regionalism, naturalism, and realism from Europe
• Strong interest in more outlets for women's writing

The Civil War creates a sense of dislocation and moves the country toward Realism

• Darwinism
• Marxism (focus on socioeconomic politics and class divides)
• Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
• Newton (Scientific reasoning and natural law as a key to progress)