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what are inborn (intrinsic) refelexes?
learned (aquired) reflex?
refelx that is unearned, unpremediated, involuntary
results from practce or repetition
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refelx arc:
receptor?
sensory neurn?
integreation center?
motor neuron?
effector?
site of stimulus
transmits affrent elec. impuses to CNS
where the synapse takes place
conducts effrent impulses from the integ. center to the effector organ
muscle or gland that responds to the impuses making it contract or secrete.
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what is monosynaptic refelx?
a simpe synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron
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what is a polysynaptic refelex?
multiple synapses with chains of interneurons
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what do somatic reflexes do?
activate skeetal muscles
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what to autonomic (visceral) reflexes do?
activate visceral effectors (smooth muscles,glands)
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why is testing of the somatic reflexes important?
to test teh condition of the nervous system
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what does teh gogli tendon organ do?
senses teh amount of tension in a muscle and it surrounding tndons
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what does the muscle spindle do/
it senses the length of a muscle
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what are the 2 ways a muscle spindle is stretched ans excited?
an externa force lengthens the entire muscle
internal motor neurons stim. internal fibers to contract thus stretching the middle of teh spindle (internal stretch)
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what is the purpose of the stretch reflex?
to make sure a muscle stays the certain length set by the brain
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in an untretched muscle the AP is?
in anstretched musce the AP is?
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all stetch reflexes are _____________ and ___________. they invlove a single synapse and motor activity on the same side of body.
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a positive kne e jerk provides what 2 important pieces of info?
that senory and motor connect. between muscle and spinal cord are intact
the vigor of the response idicates the degree of excitibilaty of teh spinal cord
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is the gogli tendon reflex monosyapntic?
what does it do?
no it is ploysynaptic
it makes the muscle reax and lengthenin response to tension
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what is reciprocal activation?
mmotor neurons suppplying the contracting muscle are inhibited and antagonist muscles are activated.
contracted muscle become relaxed and antagonst muscles contract to prevent the tears
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what is a flexor refex?
started by a painful stim. causes automatic withdrawl of the threatened body part from the stim.
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flexor reflexes are _________ and______ .
ipsiateral
polysynaptic
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what is a crosed extensor reflex?
important in maintaining balance offten accompanies the flexor reflex (pushing away an attacker)
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whst are superfiscial reflexes?
activated by gentle stim. of teh skin
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what is plantar refelx?
tests the spina cord from L7 to S2 drawing a blunt object down the sole of foot
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what is babiski's refelx
abnormal refelx where big to dorsiflexes small toes fan lat.
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autonomic nervous system:
nickname?
what type od neuron?
what division?
what does it innervate?
what does it regualte?
2 subdiviosions?
involuntay nervos system
- motor neurons
- visceral motor division
- smooth muscle and glands
- HR,BP,digest. urination
sypmathetic, parasympathetic
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somatic motor division;
_____motor neuronextends from the CNS to the ________ muscle. axons are _______ myeinated and conduct impulses______.
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visceral motor division:
chain of ___ motor neurons.
2
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what are
preganglionic (presynaptic)
postganglionic (postsynaptic) motor neurons?
is conduction slower or faster?
before the synapse or before the gnaglion
after teh synapse or after the ganglion
slower dues to thinly or unmylenated axons
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sypmathetic:
nick name?
activated during?
increases what?
fight or flight
excercise, excitement, emergencies
blood supply to skeletal musces HR respirs.
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parasympathetic:
nickname?
its job is to ?
activated during?
decreases?
increases?
- rest and digest
- conserve energy
- sleep and rest
- HRrespirs., bllod supply
- increases blod supply to organs
-
length of preganglionic fibers:
sympathtic?
parasympathetic?
short
long
-
length of post ganglionic fibers:
sympathetic?
parasympathetic?
long
short
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sympathetic fibers connec to __________ before the organs?
sympathetic chain ganglia
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parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons release ______.
acetlycholine
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sympathetic postganglionic neurons release____________.
norepinephrine
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parasympathetic postganglioic neurons release___________
acetylcholine
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what do neuro toxins do?
they inhibit the cells excytotic apparatus preventign the release of the neurootransmitter
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what is a agonist
what is a anotagonist?
molecule that binds to a receptor and mimics a response
a substance that opposes the action of another.
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what are nictoine receptors?
what is their effect?
found on plates of skeletal muscles all preganglioinc neurons
always excitation
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what are muscarinic receptors?
what is there binding?
named for a muschroom poison
binding can be both inhibitory or stimulatory
parasypm. excititory
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what are adrenegeric receptors?
2 classes?
binding?
- bind to noreprine or epinephrines
- aplha beta
both inhib. excit.
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adgrenic receptors:
B1
B2
B3
location an effect of binding?
B1: mostly heart but also kindney and adipose tissue. effect:increase HR and strength stim. renin release.
B2:lungs and symp.organs. effects:most inhibitoryndil. blood vessels relax smooth muscle
B3:adipose tissueeffects: stim. lypolysis by fat cells
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adrenic receptors:
A1
A2
location
effects of binding?
A1: most important blood vessels, all sym. target organs except heart. effects:constricts blood vessels and visceral organ sphincters. dialtes pupil
A2: membrane of adgrenic axon terminals. pancreas blood platelets. effects: inhibits NE release inhibits insulin secretion. promotes blood clotting
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nictoine:
rceptor?
effect:
use?
all ganglionic neurons in CNS
stim of sympathetic effects: irreg HR, elevted BP
used in smoking cessation products
-
pilocarpine and berthanechol:
receptor:
effect
use:
muscarinic ACh receptors
mimics ACh enhances PNS effects
glacuoma
berthanechol use: diff. urinating.
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neostigmine and sarin:
receptor
effect
use:
none
prolongd teh effect of ACH
myathenia gravis
sarin:used as chemical warefare
-
albuterol and phenylephrine:
receptor
effect
use:
- adgrenic receptor
- enhances symp. activityby increasing NE
ASTHMA
PHENYLEPHRINE:colds
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propranolol:
receptor
effect
use
- adgrenic
- decreses sym. actvity by blockin NE
- hypertension
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parasymp and symp. effects:
iris
eye muscle:
const. pupil
dialate pupil
- bulg of lense close vision,
- flatten lense for far vision
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sweat glands
arrector pili muscle
no effect, stim sweating
- no effect
- contracts hair goose bumps
-
heart muscle
bladder/urethra
- promotes voiding
- inhibits voiding
-
lungs
digestive tract organs
- constrits bronchioles
- dialates broncioles
- increases peristalisis
- decreases activity constricts sphincters
-
kidney
blood vessels
- no effect
- vasocontriction decreases urine output
- no effect
- constricts vessels increase BP
-
penis
vagina/clit:
- causes erection vasodialate
- causes ejactulation
- vasodialation of clit
- contract. of vagina increases secretion
-
what channels in presynaptic neuron open in response to an action pot?
voltage gated Ca++ channels
-
presence of what ion inside the cell causes teh synaptic vesciles to fuse with the membrane?
Ca++
-
what is the name foe the chemicals stored in the synaptic vesicles?
neurotransmitters
-
what do chemicals diffuse across?
synaptic cleft
-
where do these chemcials bind to receptors?
postsynaptic neuron(postganglionic neuron)
-
whatbtype of gated channels do these open?
chemically gated
-
2 ways these chemicals can be removed from teh synaptic cleft?
pumped back into the presynaptic terminal
broken down by enzymes then taken back by teh presynaptic cell
-
response on teh post synaptic cell depends on what 2 factors?
which neurotransmitter is involved
te specific receptor found on the postsynaptic cell
-
autonomic nerves innervate whatv3 things?
smooth muscle cardiac mucle and glands
-
the most common neurotransmitter in teh CNS is?
glutmate
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what drug alter synaptic transmition by blocking the action at teh postsynaptic membrane?
curare alpha bungarotoxin in snake venom
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